Fractal Characteristics of Pore Structure in Deep Overpressured Organic-Rich Shale in Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Southeast Sichuan and Its Geological Significance
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摘要: 为明确川东南地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压富有机质页岩的微观孔隙结构及其分形特征，以丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压富有机质页岩为研究对象，在查明页岩岩矿学和地球化学特征基础上，综合运用高分辨率扫描电镜、低温气体（CO2、N2）吸附以及高压压汞等研究手段，定量表征五峰-龙马溪组深层超压不同岩相富有机质页岩的微观孔隙结构特征.基于分形理论，利用低温CO2、N2吸附实验、高压压汞手段获得页岩不同尺度孔隙的分形维数，揭示页岩孔隙结构特征、矿物组成、TOC含量和分形维数的关系及其地质意义.研究表明，川东南丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩样品普遍发育有机孔、无机孔（粒间孔和粒内孔）以及微裂缝；孔隙形态主要为楔形、狭缝型以及平行板状等；孔径分布呈多峰型，中孔为总孔隙体积的主要贡献者（约占59%），微孔为总孔隙体积的次要贡献者（约占35%），大孔对总孔隙体积的贡献较小.受矿物类型和含量、TOC含量和成岩作用等因素的共同影响，不同岩相页岩孔隙演化存在差异，最终造成现今储层的强非均质性和复杂的孔隙结构特征.研究区五峰-龙马溪组页岩孔隙具明显多尺度分形特征，不同岩相和不同尺度孔隙分形维数特征均存在差异，反映了页岩孔隙结构具有极强非均质性，其中硅质页岩微孔分形维数D1和中孔分形维数D2最大，发育更为复杂的微孔及中孔孔隙结构网络，可提供大量气体吸附点位和富集空间；而富硅泥质页岩具有最大的大孔分形维数D3，指示大孔孔隙空间结构相对更复杂，可提供更大的孔隙容纳空间，利于游离态页岩气的赋存.Abstract: To clarify the micropore structure and fractal characteristics of deep overpressured organic-rich shale in Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Southeast Sichuan basin, in this work it takes the organic-rich shales in Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations from four typical wells in the Dingshan and Dongxi areas as the research object. After ascertaining the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of shale rocks, high-resolution scanning electron microscope, low-temperature gas (N2, CO2) adsorption, and mercury intrusion porosimetry experiments are used to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the micropore structure of organic shale from the Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations. Based on gas (CO2 and N2) adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry and fractal theory, the fractal dimensions of pores in shale are calculated, and the internal relations between pore structure parameters, mineral composition, total organic carbon (TOC) content and fractal dimension of shale in different lithofacies are discussed. Results show that organic pores, inorganic pores (intergranular pores and intragranular pores) and microfractures are widely developed in these shale samples from Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in the Dingshan and Dongxi areas. The pore morphology is dominated by wedge-shaped, slit-shaped or some parallel plate pores. The pore size distribution is multimodal. Mesoporeis the main contributor to the total pore volume (accounting for approximately 59%), and micropores are the minor contributor to the total pore volume (accounting for approximately 35%). The contribution of macropore to the total pore volume is relatively small. Influenced by the differences of rock composition, TOC content and diagenesis, the pores of different shale lithofacies show various evolution characteristics, resulting in strong heterogeneity and complex pore structure. The pores of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the study area have obvious multi-scale fractal characteristics, and the pore fractal dimension characteristics between shale lithofacies at different scales are different, reflecting the extremely strong heterogeneous characteristics. Among them, the micropore fractal dimension D1 and mesopore fractal dimension D2 of siliceous shale are the largest, developing a more complex micropore and mesopore pore structure network, which can provide a large number of gas adsorption sites and storage space. In contrast, silicon-rich argillaceous shale has the largest macropore fractal dimension D3, indicating that the macropore pore structure is relatively more complex, which can provide more pore space and facilitate the storage of free shale gas.
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图 1 川东南丁山-东溪地区区域位置、构造及典型钻井位置图
a.研究区区域构造位置; b.川东南丁山-东溪地区构造分区及典型钻井位置; c, d. 川东南丁山-东溪地区地质剖面
Fig. 1. Locations of regional, structural, and well for the Dingshan and Dongxi areas from the Southeast Sichuan basin
图 2 研究区五峰-龙马溪组深层页岩岩相划分
Fig. 2. Shale lithofacies classification of deep gas shale from Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in the study area
图 3 丁山地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩样品高分辨率扫描电镜照片
a，b. DS-1，4 359.98 m，龙马溪组，形变有机孔；c. DS-6，3 809.24 m，龙马溪组，有机孔；d. DS-4，365.57 m，龙马溪组，微裂缝；e，f. DS-5，3 799.28 m，龙马溪组，粒内溶蚀孔；g，h，i. DS-1，4 359.98 m，龙马溪组，扫描电镜、阴极发光、能谱元素面扫联用
Fig. 3. High resolution SEM images of overpressured deep shale samples of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Dingshan area
图 4 东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩样品高分辨率扫描电镜照片
a，b. DX-2，4 201.44 m，龙马溪组；c. DX-6，4 286.52 m，龙马溪组；d. DX-5，4 224.43 m，五峰组；e. DX-7，4 306.37 m，龙马溪组；f. DX-8，4 321.67 m，龙马溪组；g~i. DX-9，4 331.6 m，五峰组，扫描电镜、阴极发光、能谱元素面扫联用
Fig. 4. High resolution SEM images of overpressured deep shale samples of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Dongxi area
图 5 丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩CO2（左）、N2（中）吸附及高压压汞（右）曲线
Fig. 5. CO2 adsorption, N2 physisorption and MICP curves for overpressured deep shale of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations from the Dingshan and Dongxi areas
图 6 丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩孔径分布曲线及孔隙体积占比直方图
Fig. 6. Pore size distribution and histograms of pore volume for overpressured deep shale from Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Dingshan and Dongxi areas
图 7 五峰-龙马溪组深层超压不同岩相页岩样品分形拟合
CO2吸附微孔分形拟合（左）；N2吸附中孔分形拟合（中）；MIP大孔分形拟合（右）
Fig. 7. Fractal fitting for different shale lithofacies of overpressured deep shale of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations
图 8 丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩TOC及矿物组分含量与孔隙结构参数关系
Fig. 8. Relationships between TOC contents, mineral composition, and pore structure parameters of overpressured deep shale from Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Dingshan and Dongxi areas
图 9 丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩TOC及矿物组分含量与分形维数的关系
Fig. 9. Relationships between TOC content, mineral composition, and fractal dimension of overpressured deep shale from Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Dingshan and Dongxi areas
图 10 丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩分形维数与孔隙体积关系
Fig. 10. Relationships between pore volume and fractal dimension of overpressured deep shale from Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Dingshan and Dongxi areas
表 1 丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压富有机质页岩样品基本参数
Table 1. Basical information for the deep organic-rich shale of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in the Dingshan and Dongxi areas
地区 井号 样品
编号深度
(m)层位 TOC含量
（%）石英+长石+
黄铁矿（%）黏土矿物
（%）方解石+
白云石（%）岩相类型 丁山地区 丁页2井 DS-1 4 360.0 S1l 3.94 67.91 22.56 9.54 混合硅质页岩 DS-2 4 363.3 S1l 5.85 72.10 24.30 3.61 混合硅质页岩 DS-3 4 366.9 O3w 4.22 43.20 48.46 8.34 泥/硅混合质页岩 丁页5井 DS-4 3 765.6 S1l 1.26 35.57 59.71 4.73 富硅泥质页岩 DS-5 3 799.3 S1l 2.53 53.69 38.31 6.87 富泥硅质页岩 DS-6 3 809.2 S1l 4.25 64.99 29.16 4.49 富泥硅质页岩 DS-7 3 812.4 S1l 4.79 69.92 26.62 3.47 富泥硅质页岩 DS-8 3 817.3 O3w 5.03 43.99 50.59 5.43 富硅泥质页岩 东溪地区 东页深1井 DX-1 4 141.6 S1l 0.99 26.88 48.92 24.2 富硅泥质页岩 DX-2 4 201.4 S1l 2.28 50.46 45.13 4.41 泥/硅混合质页岩 DX-3 4 207.5 S1l 3.19 64.83 28.89 6.28 富泥硅质页岩 DX-4 4 220.4 S1l 4.31 66.35 25.11 8.54 富泥硅质页岩 DX-5 4 224.4 O3w 6.15 76.79 20.28 2.93 硅质页岩 东页深3井 DX-6 4 286.5 S1l 1.14 45.02 52.15 2.83 富硅泥质页岩 DX-7 4 306.4 S1l 2.83 56.07 39.92 4.02 富泥硅质页岩 DX-8 4 321.7 S1l 4.48 67.45 25.29 7.26 富泥硅质页岩 DX-9 4 331.6 O3w 5.06 78.22 18.39 3.39 硅质页岩 
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表 2 丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩孔隙结构参数
Table 2. Pore structure parameters of overpressured deep shale of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in Dingshan and Dongxi areas
岩相类型 微孔体积 中孔体积 大孔体积 微孔体积占比 中孔体积占比 大孔体积占比 (cm3/103 g) (cm3/103 g) (cm3/103 g) (%) (%) (%) 富硅泥质页岩 5.58~11.43
（7.89）9.69~13.83
（11.90）1.89~3.73
（2.68）29.37~43.74
（34.55）48.08~60.76
（53.06）8.18~19.62
（12.39）富泥硅质页岩 7.12~10.96
（9.84）12.76~17.86
（15.50）0.73~4.03
（1.84）31.42~39.02
（36.08）50.73~61.54
（56.95）2.55~14.54
（6.96）泥/硅混合质页岩 8.61~9.57
（9.09）13.81~14.67
（14.24）0.68~1.82
（1.25）35.94~37.99
（36.97）54.79~61.21
（58.00）2.85~7.22
（5.03）混合硅质页岩 7.69~12.34
（10.01）16.34~19.83
（18.08）1.16~1.64
（1.40）29.96~37.02
（33.49）59.50~63.65
（61.57）3.49~6.39
（4.94）硅质页岩 10.69~11.81
（11.25）17.70~22.27
（19.99）0.56~0.99
（0.78）33.67~36.92
（35.29）61.14~63.51
（62.32）1.95~2.82
（2.38）注：括号中为平均值.
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表 3 丁山-东溪地区五峰-龙马溪组深层超压页岩孔隙结构分形特征参数
Table 3. Fractal dimension values for overpressured deep shale of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formatioins in Dingshan and Dongxi areas
岩相类型 分形维数 D1 R2 D2 R2 D3 R2 富硅泥质页岩 2.391 6~2.485 1
（2.437 6）0.995 4 2.769 2~2.784 8
（2.777 3）0.980 5 2.832 1~2.897 4
（2.860 5）0.959 8 富泥硅质页岩 2.431 9~2.483 2
（2.461 1）0.995 1 2.769 7~2.808 8
（2.790 4）0.983 5 2.105 7~2.758 7
（2.463 0）0.962 6 泥/硅混合质页岩 2.453 6~2.456 4
（2.455 0）0.995 6 2.793 4~2.811 7
（2.802 6）0.964 2 2.329 6~2.636 8
（2.483 2）0.967 6 混合硅质页岩 2.463 1~2.466 7
（2.464 9）0.994 6 2.798 0~2.805 3
（2.801 7）0.981 6 2.332 6~2.682 8
（2.507 7）0.923 4 硅质页岩 2.506 9~2.512 1
（2.509 5）0.996 0 2.804 1~2.814 3
（2.809 2）0.964 0 2.202 2~2.326 7
（2.264 5）0.966 4
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