Natural Fractures and Rock Mechanical Stratigraphy Evaluation in Huaqing Area, Ordos Basin: A Quantitative Analysis Based on Numerical Simulation
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摘要: 岩石力学层控制天然裂缝发育程度与成因机制，同样地，裂缝发育也会影响岩石力学参数的大小与各向异性.受成岩与构造作用的双重影响，岩石力学层会发生迁移，因此，控制裂缝发育的岩石力学层及适用于预测天然裂缝分布的岩石力学层可能不再存在.本文提出了一种采用储层地质力学方法分析构造因素控制下的岩石力学层迁移规律模拟方法.通过野外观测建立三维裂缝离散网络模型，采用岩石力学实验测量岩石与裂缝面的力学参数，编制三循环法模拟程序研究不同尺寸、不同方位的裂缝性岩体等效力学参数，提出了裂缝性储层地质力学建模最优网格单元大小确定方法，并建立了裂缝参数与岩体力学参数间的数学模型.最后，通过不同时期古应力场数值模拟，预测裂缝的密度、产状，实现了构造因素控制下岩石力学层迁移规律数值模拟.结合鄂尔多斯盆地西缘裂缝组合样式及后期应力场模拟的精度要求，确定地质力学建模最优网格单元大小为28 m；在地质力学建模中，过小的网格单元尺度不能完整刻画单元内的裂缝发育模式.从燕山期至喜马拉雅期到现今，伴随着天然裂缝的发育，岩体杨氏模量总体呈下降趋势，泊松比增大，并且岩石杨氏模量与泊松比间的空间差异性逐渐减小.Abstract: The rock mechanical stratigraphy controls the development degree and genetic mechanism of natural fractures. Similarly, the development of fractures also affects the size and anisotropy of rock mechanical parameters. Affected by diagenesis and tectonics, the rock mechanics layer has migrated. Therefore, the rock mechanics layer that controls the development of fractures and the rock mechanics layer suitable for predicting the distribution of natural fractures may no longer exist. This paper proposes a method based on reservoir geomechanics modeling to analyze the evolution of rock mechanics layer under the control of structural factors. A three-dimensional fracture discrete network model was established through field observations, combined with rock mechanics experiments to determine the mechanical parameters of the rock and fracture surfaces, the method for determining the optimal representation unit size of the fractured reservoir mechanical parameters was determined, and the three-dimensional geomechanical model of the fractured reservoir was established. A three-cycle method is proposed to characterize the equivalent mechanical parameters of fractured reservoirs with different sizes and different orientations. The Young's modulus discriminant index and Poisson's ratio discriminant index are used to characterize the scale effect and anisotropy of the mechanical parameters of fractured reservoirs, and the evolution of rock mechanics layer is analyzed. The results show that the fracture combination pattern on the western edge of Ordos basin and the accuracy requirements of the later stress field simulation determine the optimal element size for geomechanical modeling to be 28 m. In geomechanical modeling, too small grid element scale can not completely describe the fracture development mode in the element. The development of natural fractures from the Yanshanian period to the Himalayan period to the present has resulted in an overall decrease in the equivalent Young's modulus and an overall increase in the Poisson's ratio of the rock mass in the Ordos Basin. The difference between the equivalent Young's modulus and the Poisson's ratio of the rock mass has decreased over time.
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图 1 （a）研究区构造位置；（b）鄂尔多斯盆地东西向剖面；（c）元284井长6油层组岩性综合柱状图
图a据Darby and Ritts（2002）修改. N.新近系；E.古近系；K.白垩系；J.侏罗系；T.三叠系；P.二叠系；C.石炭系；O.奥陶系；∈.寒武纪；Pt.元古宇
Fig. 1. (a) Structural location of the study area; (b) east-west section of the Ordos Basin; (c) comprehensive histogram of lithology of Chang 6 reservoir of the Yuan 284 Well
图 2 储层地质力学建模最优网格单元大小确定方法
Fig. 2. Method for determining optimal size for reservoir geomechanics modeling
图 3 不同尺寸模型的等效力学参数三循环计算示意图
黑色实线框代表裂缝离散元模型. 循环1：位置循环；循环2：尺度循环；循环3：方位循环
Fig. 3. Three-cycle calculation sketch of the equivalent mechanical parameters of models of different sizes
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘石沟驿剖面延长组野外露头裂缝观测照片
野外剖面的位置见图 1. a、b. 裂缝的组合样式；c、d. 野外裂缝产状统计
Fig. 4. Natural fractures of the Yanchang Formation on the Shigouyi section of the western margin of the Ordos Basin
图 5 (a) 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘三维裂缝网络模型; （b）三维裂缝离散元模型
Fig. 5. (a) 3D fracture surface network model in the western margin of the Ordos Basin; (b) 3D fracture network model
图 6 不同位置、不同尺度、相同方位的模拟单元的等效杨氏模量（a）和等效泊松比(b)
相同颜色的数据点代表模拟单元的中心位置坐标相同
Fig. 6. Equivalent Young's modulus (a) and equivalent Poisson's ratio (b) in simulation units of different locations and scales and same orientation
图 7 不同尺度、不同位置的模拟单元内不同方位的岩石杨氏模量、泊松比
E为岩石杨氏模量，μ为岩石泊松比；不同颜色的数据点代表不同位置的岩石力学参数模拟结果
Fig. 7. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of rocks at different scales and locations of the simulation units
图 8 （a）不同模拟单元的半径、裂缝面密度与Ey关系；（b）不同模拟单元的半径与μy关系；（c）裂缝面密度与合理模拟单元半径的关系（ρA为裂缝的面密度）
Fig. 8. (a) The relationship between the side length and Ey of different simulation units; (b) the relationship between the side length and μy of different simulation units; (c) the relationship between the areal fracture density and reasonable side length of the simulation unit (ρA is the areal fracture density)
图 9 裂缝间夹角对岩石力学参数的影响
Fig. 9. Effect of angle between fractures on rock mechanical parameters
图 10 完整岩石杨氏模量与裂缝面密度对裂缝性岩体水平方向力学参数的影响
a. 水平最大杨氏模量；b. 水平最小泊松比；c. 水平平均杨氏模量；d. 水平平均泊松比；e. 水平最小杨氏模量；f. 水平最大泊松比
Fig. 10. Effect of Young's modulus of complete rocks and fracture density of rock on mechanical parameters of fractured rock mass in horizontal direction
图 11 （a）燕山期和（b）喜马拉雅期地质力学模型
Fig. 11. Geomechanical models of the Yanshanian period (a) and the Himalayan period (b)
图 12 不同时期岩石力学参数的演化
燕山期（图a1~a3、b1~b3）；喜马拉雅期（图a4~a6、b4~b6）；现今（图a7、b7）；岩体杨氏模量分布（图a1、a4以及a7），泊松比在岩石中的分布（图b1、b4以及b7）；水平最小主应力分布（图a2、a5），水平最大主应力分布（图b2、b5）；裂缝密度分布（图a3、a6），裂缝走向分布（图b3、b6）
Fig. 12. Evolution of rock mechanical parameters for different periods
表 1 研究区长6油层组岩石三轴力学实验数据
Table 1. Triaxial mechanical experimental data of rocks in the Chang 6 oil reservoir group of the study area
井号 岩性 深度
（m）试样
编号密度
（g/cm3）围压
（MPa）弹性模量
（104MPa）泊松比 抗压强度
（MPa）元290井 砂岩 2 106.27 H1 2.49 0 11.665 0.059 75.15 H2 2.39 10 22.897 0.237 130.84 H3 2.38 20 23.904 0.190 159.55 H4 2.40 30 21.352 0.171 182.25 元414井 砂岩 2 007.10 I1 2.48 0 19.260 0.061 102.29 I2 2.50 10 28.468 0.200 191.39 I3 2.49 20 26.078 0.202 190.87 I4 2.50 30 29.033 0.105 244.98 元284井 泥岩 2 205.45 J1 2.62 0 16.522 0.269 58.61 J2 2.62 10 21.308 0.216 93.66 J3 2.62 20 23.087 0.204 132.59 J4 2.65 30 19.535 0.392 162.26 
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