Petrogenesis of Haidewula Diabase, Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt and Its Geological Implications
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摘要: 古特提斯洋在东昆仑造山带的闭合时间仍存在争议.对东昆仑东段海德乌拉地区产出的辉绿岩开展了系统的研究工作.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年的结果显示，海德乌拉辉绿岩形成于238±2 Ma.在地球化学组成上，该辉绿岩具有较高的TiO2（1.75%~2.46%）、Fe2O3T（8.88%~12.30%）含量和较低的MgO含量（2.76%~6.34%）；富集不相容元素，相对亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti；Sr-Nd同位素组成较为富集且均一，（87Sr/86Sr）i为0.711 61~0.712 95，εNd（t）为-3.2~-2.8.上述特征表明海德乌拉辉绿岩形成于板片俯冲环境，其源区为由俯冲板片释放的流体交代所形成的富集地幔.结合前人的研究成果，认为古特提斯阿尼玛卿洋的北向俯冲至少持续到中三叠世末期；随后，洋盆在晚三叠世早期闭合；在不晚于228 Ma时，东昆仑东段地区进入后碰撞伸展的环境.Abstract: The timing of the closure of the A'nyemaqen ocean, which was a branch of Paleo-Tethys ocean at the East Kunlun orogenic belt (EKOB), is still a subject of debate. In this study, it presents zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock elemental geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic data on the Haidewula diabase in the eastern section of the EKOB. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotope dating reveals that the Haidewula diabase formed at 238±2 Ma. The diabase is characterized by low MgO (2.76%-6.34%) contents, as well as relatively high TiO2 (1.75%-2.46%) and Fe2O3T (8.88%-12.30%) contents. The diabase shows enrichment in incompatible elements, but is relatively depleted in Nb, Ta, Sr, and Ti. All these geochemical characteristics imply that the diabase is a production of island arc magmatic activity. Additionally, the diabase displays enriched and uniform Sr-Nd isotopic compositions((87Sr/86Sr)i= 0.711 61-0.712 95, εNd(t) =-3.2 to -2.8). Based on the geochemical characteristics and isotopic compositions, it suggests that the Haidewula diabase was derived from partial melting of an enriched mantle, which had undergone metasomatism induced by the fluid released from the subducting slab, and had experienced some degree of crustal contamination during migration through continental crust. Combing our results and previous studies on Middle Permian-Triassic basic igneous rocks in the EKOB, it proposes that the northward subduction of the A'nyemaqen ocean lasted to the end of the Middle Triassic (238 Ma); the closure of the A'nyemaqen ocean happened during early Late Triassic; then, the tectonic environment of the eastern section of the EKOB transited into post-collisional extension no later than 228 Ma.
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Key words:
- East Kunlun orogenic belt /
- tectonic evolution /
- Triassic /
- diabase /
- petrogenesis /
- petrology
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图 1 东昆仑造山带区域地质简图
图据赵旭等，2018修改. 基性岩数据来自：（1）Hu et al.（2016）；（2）奥琮等（2015）；（3）熊富浩等（2011）；（4）Liu et al.（2017）；（5）陈国超等（2017）；（6）Liu et al.（2004）；（7）赵旭等（2018）；（8）孔会磊等（2018）；（9）孔会磊等（2017）；（10）Zhao et al.（2019）；（11）本文数据
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the East Kunlun orogenic belt (EKOB)
图 2 海德乌拉地区地质简图(a)、辉绿岩野外露头照片(b~c)和显微照片(d)
图a据雷勇亮等（2021）略作修改. Pl.斜长石，Cpx.单斜辉石. 部分辉石已发生蚀变
Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the Haidewula area (a), representative field outcrop photographs (b-c) and photomicrograph (d) of the Haidewula diabase
图 3 海德乌拉辉绿岩锆石年龄谐和图(a, b)及代表性锆石的CL图像(c)
图a中灰色测点未参与加权平均年龄的计算
Fig. 3. U-Pb concordia diagrams (a, b) and representative cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons from the Haidewula diabase
图 4 海德乌拉辉绿岩Zr/TiO2-SiO2图解(a)和Nb/Y-SiO2图解(b)(据Winchester and Floyd, 1977)
东昆仑造山带基性岩数据来源：中二叠世坑得弄舍辉长岩引自Zhao et al.（2019）；早三叠世白日其利镁铁质岩墙引自熊富浩等（2011）；中三叠世按纳格角闪辉长岩引自赵旭等（2018）；晚三叠世冰沟富闪辉长岩引自Liu et al.（2017）；晚三叠世野牛沟镁铁质岩墙引自Hu et al.（2016）
Fig. 4. Zr/TiO2 versus SiO2 diagram (a) and Nb/Y versus SiO2 diagram (b) for the Haidewula diabase (after Winchester and Floyd, 1977)
图 5 海德乌拉辉绿岩原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(a)和球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(b)
Fig. 5. Primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram (a) and chondrite-normalized REE pattern (b) for the Haidewula diabase
图 6 海德乌拉辉绿岩εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i图解(a)和εNd(t)-年龄图解(b)
图a中曲线为基性岩浆与地壳物质以不同比例同化混染后产物的同位素组成变化趋势线，百分数代表地壳物质比例，端元组分分别为阿尼玛卿洋晚古生代MORB、OIB和东昆仑地区强过铝质S型花岗岩的平均成分，具体参数见附表 4；图a中同位素组成均校正到t= 238 Ma.阿尼玛卿洋晚古生代MORB和OIB数据郭安林等（2007a）和马丽艳等（2007），东昆仑地区S型花岗岩数据余能等（2005）和巴金等（2012），东昆仑造山带基性岩数据来源见图 4
Fig. 6. εNd(t) versus (87Sr/86Sr)i diagram (a) and εNd(t) versus age diagram (b)
图 7 海德乌拉辉绿岩SiO2-Zr/Nb图解(a)、Zr/Nb-Nb/La图解(b)、SiO2-Zr/Hf图解(c)、SiO2-Sm/Yb图解
图中箭头方向代表岩浆成分随地壳混染程度增强的变化趋势；图（b）中CC和UCC分别代表大陆地壳平均成分和大陆上地壳平均成分（Rudnick and Gao, 2003）
Fig. 7. SiO2 vs. Zr/Nb diagram (a), Zr/Nb versus Nb/La diagram (b), SiO2 vs. Zr/Hf diagram (c), and SiO2 vs. Sm/Yb diagram (d) for the Haidewula diabase
图 8 Nb/Yb-Th/Yb图解(a)(据Pearce, 2008)和La/Nb-Nb/Th (b)(据Yang et al., 2019)
图中DM、EM、OIB、E-MORB、N-MORB分别代表亏损地幔、富集地幔、洋岛玄武岩、富集洋中脊玄武岩和正常洋中脊玄武岩，东昆仑造山带基性岩数据来源见图 4
Fig. 8. Nb/Yb versus Th/Yb diagram (a) (after Pearce, 2008) and La/Nb versus Nb/Th diagram (b) (after Yang et al., 2019)
图 9 Th/Zr-Nb/Zr图解(据Kepezhinskas et al., 1997)
图中N-MORB、E-MORB、OIB数据引自Sun and McDonough（1989），东昆仑造山带基性岩数据来源见图 4
Fig. 9. Th/Zr versus Nb/Zr diagram (after Kepezhinskas et al., 1997)
图 10 东昆仑造山带中二叠世-三叠纪时期基性岩年龄统计图(a)和构造演化模式图(b~d)
图a中基性岩数据来源见表 1
Fig. 10. Temporal distribution of Middle Permian-Triassic basic igneous rocks in the EKOB (a) and schematic cartoons of the tectonic evolution of the EKOB from Middle Permian to Triassic (b-d)
表 1 东昆仑造山带中二叠世-三叠纪基性岩形成时代统计
Table 1. Temporal distribution of Middle Permian-Triassic basic igneous rocks in the EKOB
产出位置 岩性 形成时代 参考文献 坑得弄舍 辉长岩 266±2 Ma Zhao et al.(2019) 五龙沟小干沟 辉绿岩 263±4Ma 张宇婷(2018) 加当 辉长岩 263±3 Ma 孔会磊等(2018) 白日其利 镁铁质岩墙 251±2 Ma 熊富浩等(2011) 加当 橄榄辉长岩 250±3 Ma 孔会磊等(2017) 五龙沟水闸东沟 富闪基性岩脉 248±1 Ma 张宇婷(2018) 五龙沟黑石沟 辉绿岩 244±2 Ma 张宇婷(2018) 按纳格 角闪辉长岩 242±2 Ma 赵旭等(2018) 约格鲁 辉长岩 239±6 Ma Liu et al.(2004) 海德乌拉 辉绿岩 238±2 Ma 本文 小尖山 辉长岩 228±1 Ma 奥琮等(2015) 冰沟 富闪辉长岩 226±2Ma Liu et al.(2017) 石沟外滩 角闪辉长岩 222±3 Ma 罗照华等(2002) 加鲁河 角闪辉长岩 220±4 Ma 陈国超等(2017) 野牛沟 镁铁质岩脉 218±3 Ma Hu et al.(2016) 
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