Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Salt Structure Evolution in Awate Transfer Zone, Western Kuqa Depression
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摘要: 为厘定库车坳陷西段盐岩沉积边界盐构造演化特征及影响因素，利用野外地质调查、工业地震剖面解析和三维沙箱物理模拟实验对阿瓦特构造带进行了综合分析.结果表明：（1）阿瓦特构造带是库车坳陷西段典型挤压构造转换带，由乌什凹陷至阿瓦特凹陷，形成了由叠瓦逆冲断层向盐相关褶皱过渡的构造转换特征；（2）塔拉克走滑断层发育于乌什凹陷和阿瓦特凹陷交界处，是一条发育于盐上覆层的滑脱形成调节性横断层.受该断层影响，在盐上覆地层中形成塔拉克向斜、塔拉克背斜等拖曳式盐相关构造.越靠近塔拉克走滑断层，褶皱拖曳揉皱作用越强，甚至容易发育褶皱相关断层，促使盐岩出露地表；（3）阿瓦特构造转换带新生代变形主要受区域挤压作用、盐层分布及基底断裂活动共同控制.Abstract: In order to determine the characteristics and influencing factors of salt structure evolution located at the border of salt basin in western Kuqa depression, a comprehensive analysis of Awate transfer zone was carried out by field geological survey, structural analysis of industrial seismic profiles and 3D sand-box analogue modeling experiment. The results show follows. (1)Awate structural belt is a typical compressional structural transfer zone in western Kuqa depression, where differential structures formed from imbricated thrust faults in the Wushi sag to salt-related folds in the Awate sag. (2) The Talake strike-slip fault occurred at the junction of Wushi sag and Awate sag is an accommodative transverse fault developed in the overburden. Influenced by this fault, Talake syncline, Talake anticline and other drag salt-related structures formed in the overburden. The closer to the Talake strike-slip fault, the stronger the drag and wrinkling effect becomes, and even the fold-related faults are easy to develop, prompting the outcrop of salt rock in the core of anticline. (3) The Cenozoic deformation of Awate structural transfer zone is mainly controlled by regional compression, the distribution of salt rock and the activity of basement faults.
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图 1 库车坳陷西段阿瓦特研究区构造位置（a）及区域地质图（b）
Fig. 1. Tectonic location map of Awate area in western Kuqa depression (a) and geologic map of this study area (b)
图 4 阿瓦特构造转换带东侧地震反射剖面（a）及其剖面构造解析（b）（剖面位置见图 1b）（修改自Wu et al., 2014）
Fig. 4. Uninterpreted (a) and interpreted (b) seismic sections (see Fig.1b for location) showing salt structures of the eastern Awate area data revised from (Wu et al., 2014)
图 5 阿瓦特构造转换带西侧地震反射剖面（a）及其剖面构造解析（b）（剖面位置见图 1b）（修改自Wu et al., 2014）
阿瓦特凹陷被北部盐下基底断裂系统抬升，盐岩层厚度大于 5 km. 整个凹陷受西边界塔拉克走滑断层影响，在挤压过程中被断层切穿而形 成由北往南向斜-背斜-向斜形态 .E2-3s-N1k 为前构造沉积地层，N2k-Q 为同构造沉积地层
Fig. 5. Uninterpreted (a) and interpreted (b) seismic sections (see Fig.1b for location) showing salt structures of the western Awate area data revised from (Wu et al., 2014)
图 7 阿瓦特西段切过塔拉克走滑断层地震剖面（a）及其剖面构造解析（b）（剖面位置见图 1b）
基底断层控制了东部的阿瓦特和西部的乌什凹陷之间的地层沉积厚度的差异.盐边界的走滑断层拖曳作用形成而塔拉克背斜与塔拉克向斜.图中塔拉克背斜和塔拉克向斜之间的盐岩在断层作用下逆冲到了N1k康村组之上
Fig. 7. Uninterpreted (a) and interpreted (b) seismic sections cutting across the Talake strike-slip fault in the western Awate area (see Fig.1b for location)
图 9 模型平面构造演化及粒子成像测速（PIV）分析
Fig. 9. Model structural evolution and particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) analysis in the plane view
图 10 模型变形前缘（a）及走滑断层滑移量（b）统计
Fig. 10. Statistical charts of distance of deformation front (a) and the slip distance of strike-slip fault (b) in analog model
图 12 模型平行挤压方向典型纵切剖面特征
图中①（黄色虚线段）表示硅胶下伏基底变形前缘位置，②（红色虚线段）表示硅胶上覆地层变形前缘位置
Fig. 12. The typical sections cutting from the 3D analogue model along the shortening direction
图 13 模型垂直挤压方向典型横切剖面特征
Fig. 13. The typical sections cutting from the 3D reconstruction model cross the shortening direction
图 14 含盐褶皱-冲断带盐岩沉积边界构造转换带平面解析
Fig. 14. Analytical view of tectonic transfer zone caused by salt pinch-out in salt-related fold-thrust belt
表 1 阿瓦特构造转换带实验模型设计参数
Table 1. The initial configuration of analog model in the Awate structural transfer zone
模型大小(cm)
(长×宽×高)盐盆地宽度
(cm)同构造沉积平均速率(mm/h) 挤压量
(mm)挤压速率
(mm/s)无硅胶区域 硅胶区域 38×30×30 20 0.65 0.4 125 0.002 
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表 2 实验模型材料参数和比例化
Table 2. Material properties and scaling parameters between model and nature
参数 自然界(n) 模型(m) 比率(m/n) 重力加速度g(m/s2) 9.81 9.81 1.00 长度l(m) 2 000.00 0.01 5.00×10-6 速度v(m/s) 1.38×10-10 2.00×10-6 1.45×104 密度ρo (上覆层) (kg/m3) 2 400.00 1 297.00 0.54 密度ρs (盐岩) (kg/m3) 2 200.00 987.00 0.45 上覆层摩擦系数 0.60 0.40 0.67 粘度ηs (盐岩) (Pa·s) 1.0×1019 0.6×104 0.6×10-15 应力σ(Pa) 4.3×107~4.7×107 90~127 2.5×10-6 应变ε(s-1) 4.3×10-12~4.7×10-12 0.015~0.021 4.2×109
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