碳酸盐岩热储中稀土元素的地球化学行为及其指示意义：以施甸地热系统为例

张晓博; 郭清海; 张梦昭; 孙伟浩; 李鑫

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2022.323

碳酸盐岩热储中稀土元素的地球化学行为及其指示意义：以施甸地热系统为例

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2022.323

张晓博^{1, 2, ,},
郭清海^{1, 2, ,},
张梦昭^{1, 2},
孙伟浩^{1, 2},
李鑫^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质大学自然资源部深部地热资源重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430078
2.
中国地质大学环境学院, 湖北武汉 430078

基金项目:

中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金 CUGSDZX002

详细信息

作者简介:
张晓博(1991—)，男，讲师，主要从事高温地热流体地球化学和原生劣质水成因方向的研究工作. OCRID：0000-0002-3589-8557. E-mail：xbzhang@cug.edu.cn

通讯作者:
郭清海，E-mail: qhguo2006@gmail.com

中图分类号: P314
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-25
- 网络出版日期: 2023-03-27
- 刊出日期: 2023-03-25

Geochemical Behavior and Indicative Effect of REEs in Carbonate Geothermal Reservoir: A Case of Shidian Geothermal System

Zhang Xiaobo^{1, 2
,
,},
Guo Qinghai^{1, 2
, ,},
Zhang Mengzhao^{1, 2},
Sun Weihao^{1, 2},
Li Xin^{1, 2}

1.
Key Laboratory of Deep Geothermal Resources, MNR, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
2.
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China

摘要

摘要: 施甸中‒低温地热系统是滇‒藏‒川地热带的重要组成部分，强烈的构造运动使该地热系统热储结构复杂，当前对其地热水地球化学过程研究程度很低.通过分析施甸地热水中稀土元素(REEs)的地球化学行为，本文旨在揭示碳酸盐岩热储内的主导性水文地球化学过程.结果表明，施甸地热水大部分富集LREEs，显示其对围岩REEs特征的继承.地热水也表现出Ce、Eu和Y异常，其中Ce负异常因继承碳酸盐岩Ce负异常或保留地热水古氧化环境特征而形成，Eu正异常源于地热水对长石类矿物的溶解，Y正异常则是地热水运移过程中其中的Ho受碳酸盐矿物优先吸附造成.PHREEQC计算表明施甸地热水中REEs的主要形态为LnCO₃⁺和Ln(CO₃)₂^‒，在同一水样中，LnCO₃⁺含量随原子系数增加依次递减，而Ln(CO₃)₂^-则依次递增.此外，地热水中还存在少量Ln³⁺、LnF²⁺、LnHCO₃²⁺和LnSO₄⁺，其含量均随原子系数增加依次减小，受地热水pH和F^-、HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-含量共同控制.REEs分析可为地热水地球化学过程研究提供重要证据.
- 稀土元素 /
- 碳酸盐岩 /
- 水-岩相互作用 /
- 施甸地热系统 /
- 地球化学
Abstract: Shidian medium-low temperature geothermal system, which has a complicated reservoir structure due to the intense tectonic movement, is a critical part of the Yunnan–Sichuan-Tibet geothermal Province (YST) with few studies focusing on it. The goal of this research is to study the geochemical behavior of the rare earth elements (REEs) in the Shidian geothermal system in order to reveal the dominant hydrogeochemical processes in the carbonate geothermal reservoir. The results in this study show that most of the geothermal fluids are rich in LREEs, indicating an inheritance of REEs feature from the host rocks. The geothermal fluids also have Cerium (Ce), Europium (Eu) and Yttrium (Y) anomalies. Among which, the negative Ce anomalies are probably the result of interaction between geothermal water and carbonate rock or an indicator of paleo-oxic conditions. The positive Eu anomalies are ascribed to the dissolution of feldspar minerals, while the positive Y anomalies are caused by the preferential adsorption of Ho on carbonates during the transport of geothermal fluids. The calculation by PHREEQC shows that the dominant species of REEs in geothermal fluid are LnCO₃⁺ and Ln(CO₃)₂^‒. The content of LnCO₃⁺ decreases with the increasing atomic number, in contrast, Ln(CO₃)₂^‒ increases with the increasing atomic number. In addition, there are still some Ln³⁺, LnF²⁺, LnHCO₃²⁺ and LnSO₄⁺ species with small amount in the geothermal fluid, which are controlled by the pH of water as well as F^‒, HCO₃^‒, and SO₄^2‒ content. REEs can provide important evidence for studying the hydrogeochemical processes in a geothermal system.
- REEs /
- carbonate rock /
- water-rock interaction /
- Shidian geothermal system /
- geochemistry

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图 1 滇‒藏‒川地热带(a)、保山地块(b)以及施甸(c)简要地质构造图(据禹丽等，2014)

Fig. 1. Geotectonic locations of the Baoshan block in the Yunnan-Sichuan-Tibet geothermal belt (a and b) and geological structures in Shidian (c) (after Yu et al., 2014)

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图 2 施甸水热系统分带及研究区采样点分布(a)、A-A'地质剖面(b)和钻孔SD12地层柱状图(c)

Fig. 2. Sampling locations in the study area (a), hydrogeological profile A-A' in (b), and the stratigraphic column for Well SD12 (c)

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图 3 施甸水样氘氧同位素特征

Fig. 3. Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of geothermal fluids in Shidian

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图 4 施甸地热水样ΣREEs与物理化学指标相关性

红点代表水化学类型为Ca·Mg-HCO₃型地热水

Fig. 4. The relationships between ΣREEs and physical-chemical parameters in geothermal water samples in Shidian

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图 5 施甸地热水样和岩石样品REEs采用球粒陨石标准化后的配分模式

a. I区地热水样品；b. II区地热水样品；c. III区地热水样品；d. 施甸岩石样品

Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of geothermal fluids and rock samples in Shidian

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图 6 施甸地热水样Ce/Ce^*与Pr/Pr^*相关性

Fig. 6. Relationship between Ce/Ce^* and Pr/Pr^* in groundwater

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图 7 地热水样品Eh值与Eu/Eu^*的关系

Fig. 7. The relationship between Eh and Eu/Eu^* in geothermal waters

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图 8 施甸地热水样中REEs形态分布

Fig. 8. Percentages of calculated REE speciation in geothermal fluids in Shidian

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表 1 施甸地热水样现场物理化学指标、化学组分含量以及氢氧同位素特征

Table 1. Physical parameters and concentrations of chemical constituents in Shidian water samples

编号	T(℃)	Eh	pH	K	Ca	Na	Mg	CO₃	HCO₃	F	Cl	NO₃	SO₄	Si	Li	B	Mn	Fe	δ¹⁸O(‰)	δ²H(‰)	水化学类型
SD1	31	105	7.21	1.13	99.24	3.09	42.81	0.36	364	0.21	5.03	18.79	14.14	6.72	3.45	17.19	0.21	0.00	-9.60	-73.54	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
SD2	51	105	7.20	2.00	83.99	2.94	29.49	0.29	313	0.25	2.95	1.85	9.77	12.30	4.82	22.96	0.10	1.71	-9.86	-77.35	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
SD3	56	-226	6.51	42.45	210.67	145.96	45.73	0.19	870	2.47	13.86	3.03	54.53	23.93	2 628.01	11 008.53	76.19	15.72	-9.76	-79.54	Ca·Na-HCO₃
SD4	43	-160	6.80	44.23	233.74	152.74	59.26	0.34	787	2.05	14.54	4.82	35.87	23.06	2 642.07	12 352.62	172.35	32.80	-9.60	-76.77	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
SD5	45	128	6.86	22.19	125.81	66.69	32.28	0.22	476	1.86	8.89	2.22	60.28	17.53	1 274.95	3 308.42	0.15	4.66	-10.07	-77.17	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
SD6	77	-208	7.08	10.07	25.55	365.39	5.14	0.65	839	3.15	4.40	0.71	33.32	52.84	696.01	2 186.92	67.73	0.00	-10.37	-79.33	Na-HCO₃
SD7	56	-264	6.74	15.68	39.53	275.37	15.95	0.25	726	3.15	6.36	0.21	39.11	26.58	479.00	5 674.88	84.57	0.00	-9.31	-71.80	Na-HCO₃
SD8	31	-123	7.33	1.38	90.82	1.72	16.74	0.31	254	0.15	3.27	3.10	9.82	8.37	3.59	11.41	7.04	13.59	-11.22	-84.78	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
SD9	31	108	7.47	3.32	93.47	4.87	25.77	0.59	340	0.37	3.55	0.84	7.48	10.80	7.89	29.77	2.26	0.21	-10.13	-78.84	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
SD10	29	-78	7.18	4.22	136.15	4.50	18.91	0.32	352	0.20	5.72	4.38	7.22	7.75	3.32	20.73	0.70	14.66	-9.29	-70.11	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
SD11	56	-220	6.54	28.90	92.88	51.95	10.26	0.06	302	1.30	10.00	0.38	6.50	46.00	92.83	408.42	282.77	19 180.07	-11.35	-83.35	Ca·Na-HCO₃
SD12	47	-131	8.08	11.13	54.02	95.48	16.42	2.65	374	1.07	3.26	0.33	11.02	14.77	85.26	262.04	13.69	37.77	-11.65	-86.36	Ca·Na-HCO₃
SD13	57	-22	8.19	2.72	64.07	5.89	25.02	1.94	220	0.21	2.86	0.24	11.81	14.42	8.43	18.99	57.60	5.06	-11.06	-83.53	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
SD14	65	-292	7.24	4.20	69.24	5.71	20.49	0.22	225	0.30	2.68	0.26	11.63	18.06	14.85	24.24	56.76	91.78	-10.75	-78.83	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
SD15	25	78	7.42	1.70	91.41	5.11	23.59	0.48	312	0.24	3.97	2.06	12.58	7.25	4.75	11.85	5.56	1.11	-10.69	-81.51	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
SD16	52	-205	7.73	4.92	42.72	260.62	2.22	0.24	406	0.82	3.48	0.31	200.56	30.96	96.62	126.26	128.56	1 927.80	-11.20	-84.82	Na-HCO₃·SO₄
SD17	52	1	6.90	11.47	96.50	225.58	18.27	0.35	684	1.10	4.65	0.36	24.94	24.10	151.30	852.86	43.43	0.00	-7.18	-67.54	Na·Ca-HCO₃
SD18	61	67	6.99	2.42	89.60	10.60	27.62	0.19	325	0.38	2.83	1.04	19.30	19.54	11.05	88.46	0.94	27.96	-10.09	-76.61	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
注：Li、B、Sr、Mn和Fe单位是μg/L，其余化学组分单位是mg/L.

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表 2 施甸地热水稀土元素含量分布特征(单位：μg/L)

Table 2. REEs concentrations of geothermal fluids in Shidian geothermal system (μg/L)

编号	La	Ce	Pr	Nd	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Y	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu	ΣREE	Pr/Pr*	Ce/Ce*	Eu/Eu*	Y/Ho
SD1	0.035	0.067	0.011	0.048	0.016	0.004	0.005	0.002	0.005	0.028	0.002	0.003	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.232	1.091	0.831	1.070	0.505
SD2	0.015	0.034	0.006	0.015	0.003	0.003	0.005	0.002	0.004	0.017	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.111	1.441	0.879	2.354	0.613
SD3	0.051	0.091	0.013	0.063	0.022	0.013	0.025	0.005	0.03	0.402	0.011	0.032	0.004	0.022	0.004	0.788	0.965	0.845	1.689	1.317
SD4	0.12	0.254	0.033	0.167	0.056	0.025	0.057	0.01	0.077	0.726	0.016	0.045	0.007	0.041	0.006	1.64	0.899	0.972	1.340	1.636
SD5	0.018	0.03	0.003	0.016	0.009	0.007	0.007	0.001	0.008	0.13	0.002	0.007	0.001	0.004	0.001	0.244	0.758	0.912	2.599	2.343
SD6	0.063	0.133	0.023	0.098	0.02	0.008	0.026	0.003	0.016	0.127	0.004	0.01	0.001	0.008	0.002	0.542	1.134	0.856	1.072	1.145
SD7	0.02	0.053	0.004	0.016	0.041	0.006	0.003	0	0.003	0.039	0.001	0.002	0	0.003	0.001	0.192	0.697	1.369	0.732	1.406
SD8	0.019	0.045	0.005	0.026	0.027	0.004	0.007	0.001	0.004	0.049	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.194	0.815	1.107	0.655	1.766
SD9	0.059	0.097	0.01	0.033	0.022	0.034	0.009	0.001	0.005	0.039	0.002	0.003	0.001	0.002	0	0.317	0.919	0.895	6.250	0.703
SD10	0.018	0.035	0.002	0.017	0.005	0.013	0.001	0	0.002	0.032	0	0.002	0	0.001	0	0.128	0.450	1.179	11.939	-
SD11	0.024	0.051	0.005	0.021	0.005	0.015	0.008	0.001	0.005	0.036	0.001	0.003	0	0.002	0	0.177	0.820	1.083	7.223	1.298
SD12	0.044	0.08	0.018	0.075	0.078	0.022	0.025	0.001	0.006	0.042	0.001	0.003	0	0.003	0	0.398	1.301	0.697	1.201	1.514
SD13	0.016	0.034	0.002	0.01	0.005	0.014	0.002	0.001	0.002	0.024	0.001	0.002	0.001	0	0	0.114	0.547	1.255	11.383	0.865
SD14	0.013	0.033	0.002	0.009	0.005	0.004	0.001	0	0	0.02	0.001	0.001	0	0.001	0	0.09	0.575	1.421	3.674	0.721
SD15	0.003	0.003	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.008	0.001	0	0.001	0.008	0	0.001	0	0.001	0	0.029	2.292	0.423	24.194	-
SD16	0.003	0.004	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.013	0.004	0.001	0.001	0.007	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.044	1.946	0.564	13.778	0.252
SD17	0.004	0.003	0.001	0.002	0.003	0.016	0.001	0	0.001	0.016	0	0.002	0	0	0	0.049	2.292	0.358	22.543	-
SD18	0.022	0.031	0.015	0.059	0.001	0.002	0.042	0.001	0.006	0.035	0.002	0.003	0	0.001	0	0.22	1.784	0.404	0.327	0.631

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表 3 施甸岩石样品REEs含量分布特征(10^-6)

Table 3. REEs concentrations of rock samples in Shidian geothermal system (10^-6)

编号	岩性	La	Ce	Pr	Nd	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Y	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu	Ce/Ce^*	Y/Ho
C1	碳酸盐岩	29.550	57.861	7.342	29.151	6.351	1.549	6.586	1.066	6.118	38.540	1.201	3.524	0.524	3.080	0.461	0.936	1.065
C2		35.876	67.789	7.887	28.442	5.106	0.967	4.235	0.690	4.144	26.262	0.844	2.573	0.393	2.354	0.375	0.982	1.153
C3		16.273	30.551	3.870	14.504	2.746	0.571	2.547	0.402	2.224	15.368	0.439	1.318	0.189	1.225	0.186	0.797	1.161
C4		8.428	13.678	1.863	7.057	1.337	0.280	1.337	0.198	1.196	8.523	0.240	0.642	0.086	0.558	0.086	0.945	1.044
C5		40.063	75.740	8.439	29.709	4.650	0.773	3.560	0.533	2.977	18.279	0.631	1.862	0.288	1.856	0.282	0.989	1.059
C6		17.219	47.067	3.646	13.308	2.398	0.674	1.881	0.307	1.758	11.829	0.389	1.314	0.221	1.518	0.246	0.990	1.097
C7		26.290	42.118	6.065	23.666	4.400	0.788	3.642	0.583	3.009	19.391	0.615	1.778	0.257	1.515	0.217	0.788	1.137
C8		25.250	47.187	5.466	19.550	3.337	0.624	2.778	0.420	2.415	14.376	0.470	1.436	0.205	1.350	0.198	0.940	1.102
G1	花岗岩	45.099	142.420	11.146	41.569	9.202	1.015	9.256	1.659	10.034	59.914	1.951	5.700	0.797	4.809	0.649	1.513	1.107
G2	花岗岩	82.165	201.172	18.424	66.359	14.418	1.157	13.367	2.173	12.429	68.023	2.267	6.252	0.882	5.565	0.769	1.216	1.082
	球粒陨石^a	0.237	0.612	0.095	0.467	0.153	0.058	0.205 5	0.037 4	0.254	1.570	0.056 6	0.165 5	0.025 5	0.170	0.025 4
注：a. 数据来源于李义曼等(2022).

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碳酸盐岩热储中稀土元素的地球化学行为及其指示意义：以施甸地热系统为例

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2022.323

作者简介:
张晓博(1991—)，男，讲师，主要从事高温地热流体地球化学和原生劣质水成因方向的研究工作. OCRID：0000-0002-3589-8557. E-mail：xbzhang@cug.edu.cn

通讯作者:
郭清海，E-mail: qhguo2006@gmail.com

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Geochemical Behavior and Indicative Effect of REEs in Carbonate Geothermal Reservoir: A Case of Shidian Geothermal System

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碳酸盐岩热储中稀土元素的地球化学行为及其指示意义：以施甸地热系统为例

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2022.323

作者简介: 张晓博(1991—)，男，讲师，主要从事高温地热流体地球化学和原生劣质水成因方向的研究工作. OCRID：0000-0002-3589-8557. E-mail：xbzhang@cug.edu.cn

通讯作者: 郭清海，E-mail: qhguo2006@gmail.com

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Geochemical Behavior and Indicative Effect of REEs in Carbonate Geothermal Reservoir: A Case of Shidian Geothermal System

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出版历程

目录

作者简介:
张晓博(1991—)，男，讲师，主要从事高温地热流体地球化学和原生劣质水成因方向的研究工作. OCRID：0000-0002-3589-8557. E-mail：xbzhang@cug.edu.cn

通讯作者:
郭清海，E-mail: qhguo2006@gmail.com