Occurrences and Enrichment Mechanism of Niobium in Miaoya Carbonatite Complex, Hubei Province, China: Constrains from Mineral Chemistry
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摘要: 庙垭碳酸岩杂岩体位于南秦岭武当地块西南缘，主要由富铌、稀土的碳酸岩和正长岩组成，是我国第二大碳酸岩型铌矿床. 前人对碳酸岩中稀土元素的矿化机理进行了详细的研究，但铌元素的富集机制还尚未清楚. 因此对其开展了详细的岩石学、矿物学及矿物化学研究. 庙垭杂岩体主要由碳酸岩和正长岩组成，碳酸岩多呈岩脉或岩株状侵入正长岩中. 庙垭铌-稀土矿床含铌矿物主要有铌金红石、含Nb-Ti-Zr矿物、铌铁矿、富铀烧绿石和铌钛铀矿等. 铌金红石和Nb-Ti-Zr氧化物呈自形-半自形，Nb2O5含量较高（分别为1.10%~3.35%和8.58%~18.64%）. Nb-Ti-Zr硅酸盐赋存于Nb-Ti-Zr氧化物裂隙内或沿其边缘分布，常与钠长石细脉伴生，Nb2O5含量为1.75%~6.00%. 铌铁矿呈它形细粒状结构，空间上与含Nb-Ti-Zr氧化物共生，显示较高的Nb2O5及FeO含量（72.30%~75.75%和18.52%~18.81%）. 富铀烧绿石呈不规则粒状或者交生结构，具有较高含量的Nb2O5（35.42%~36.45%）和UO2（25.68%~26.76%），高的A位空缺值（0.55~0.74 apfu）和低的Na2O、F含量（低于检测线和0.32%~0.79%）. 铌钛铀矿呈残骸状或椭圆状假晶，空间上依次伴生赤铁矿和黄铁矿，显著富集Nb2O5、UO2和TiO2.（结论）. 综上，初步认为庙垭碳酸岩杂岩体中铌富集受控于岩浆和热液过程. 贫铌矿物和富F矿物在富Nb母岩浆中早先结晶导致残余熔体中Nb含量逐渐升高，最终结晶出铌金红石、Nb-Ti-Zr氧化物、富铀烧绿石、铌钛铀矿. 后期富Na、Si、Fe热液沿裂隙交代原生含铌矿物，经活化、迁移、沉淀形成了次生含铌矿物（Nb-Ti-Zr硅酸盐、铌铁矿等）.Abstract: The Miaoya carbonatite complex is located in the southwestern margin of the Wudang Terrane in South Qinling, central China. It mainly consists of carbonatites and syenites with abundant REE and Nb mineralization, hosting the second largest carbonatite-related Nb deposit in China. Although the Miaoya REE mineralization process has been well studied, the Nb enrichment mechanism was poorly understood. Hereby, an integrated investigation, involving petrology, mineralogy and mineral chemistry was conducted on the Miaoya carbonatite complex. The Nb-bearing phases of the Miaoya complex mainly include Nb-rutile, Nb-Ti-Zr bearing minerals, ferrocolumbite, U-rich pyrochlore and betafite. Both of Nb-rutile and Nb-Ti-Zr oxides occur as euhedral crystals with high Nb2O5 contents (1.10%~3.35% and 8.58%~18.64%, respectively). Nb-Ti-Zr silicate are embedded along the cracks or edges of Nb-Ti-Zr oxides and are in close association with albite veinlets, with low Nb2O5 contents (1.75%~6.00%). Anhedral and fine-grained ferrocolumbite is closly symbiotic with Nb-Ti-Zr oxides and shows high Nb2O5 and FeO contents (72.30%~75.75% and 18.52%~18.81%). U-rich pyrochlore occur as an hedral grains, irregularly replaced by xenotime or hematite, with relatively high Nb2O5 and UO2 contents (35.42%~36.45% and 25.68%~26.76%, respectively), high A-site vacancy values (0.55~0.74 apfu) and low Na2O and F (below detection line and 0.32%~0.79%). Betafite occur as remnant or elliptic pseudocrystals, spatially associated with hematite and pyrite, and significantly enriched in Nb2O5、UO2 and TiO2. Summarily, we initially propose that the enrichment of Nb in the Miaoya complex was controlled by both magmatic and hydrothermal processes. In an initial Nb-rich carbonatitic magma system, prolonged fractionation of Nb-poor minerals led to the concentration of Nb in the residual melts, as documented by Nb-rutile, Nb-Ti-Zr oxides, uranpyrochlore and betafite. Hydrothermal (Na, Si and Fe)-rich fluids largely replaced the early-crystallized Nb-bearing minerals, subsequently remobilized, transported and precipitated as second Nb-rich minerals (e.g., Nb-Ti-Zr silicate and ferrocolumbite).
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图 1 （a）秦岭造山带及邻区构造单元划分简图；（b）秦岭造山带组成及岩浆岩时空分布地质简图；（c）湖北庙垭碳酸岩杂岩体地质简图
a，b. 据 Dong et al.（2011）修改；c. 据Su et al.（2019）修改
Fig. 1. (a) Tectonic units division of the Qinling Orogenic Belt and its adjacent areas; (b) Geological sketch map showing the constitution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt and distribution of magmatic rocks; (c) Geological sketch map of the Miaoya carbonatite complex, Hubei province, China
图 2 庙垭碳酸岩杂岩体野外露头和镜下显微照片
a，b. 方解石碳酸岩呈岩脉状或透镜状侵入正长岩类中；c. 混染正长岩手标本；d. 方解石碳酸岩手标本；e. 混染正长岩镜下特征（Bi.黑云母；Cal.方解石；Kfs.钾长石；正交偏光镜）；f. 方解石碳酸岩镜下特征（Ap.磷灰石；Cal.方解石；正交偏光镜）
Fig. 2. Field and microscopic photographs in the Miaoya carbonatite complex
图 3 庙垭碳酸岩杂岩体中铌金红石、含Nb-Ti-Zr矿物及铌铁矿显微照片
a. 自形-半自形铌金红石（Rt. 金红石；Cal. 方解石；单偏光镜）；b. 铌金红石的BSE图像；c. 方解石和钠长石细脉充填于长柱状Nb-Ti-Zr氧化物裂隙内（Ab. 钠长石；Ap. 磷灰石；Cal. 方解石；Kfs. 钾长石；正交偏光）；d，e. 亮色Nb. Ti. Zr硅酸盐沿Nb-Ti-Zr氧化物的裂隙或边缘分布（Ab. 钠长石；Ap. 磷灰石；Cal. 方解石；Kfs. 钾长石）；f. 独居石呈脉状分布在含Nb-Ti-Zr矿物相邻的磷灰石间隙之中（Ap. 磷灰石；Mnz. 独居石）；g~i. 铌铁矿呈不规则它形细粒状结构，产出于方解石间隙之中，与含Nb. Ti. Zr矿物伴生（Ap. 磷灰石；Cal. 方解石；Clb. 铌铁矿）
Fig. 3. Microscopic photographs of the Nb-rutile, Nb-Ti-Zr bearing minerals and ferrocolumbite in the Miaoya carbonatite complex
图 4 庙垭富铀烧绿石显微照片和化学特征
a，b. 类型1富铀烧绿石镜下（单偏光镜）及BSE照片；c，d. 类型2富铀烧绿石镜下（单偏光镜）及BSE照片；e. 烧绿石Nb-Ta-Ti+Zr分类图解（底图据Atencio et al.，2010；底图数据来自Sharygin et al.，2009；Zaitsev et al.，2012；Dumanska-Słowik et al.，2014；Xu et al.，2015；Khromova et al.，2017）；f. 类型2富铀烧绿石能谱分析显示图（Cal. 方解石；Ilm. 钛铁矿；Pcl. 烧绿石；Xtm. 磷钇矿）
Fig. 4. Microscopic photograph and chemical feature of the U-rich pyrochlore in the Miaoya carbonatite complex
图 5 庙垭铌钛铀矿显微照片和化学特征
a，b. 铌钛铀矿镜下（单偏光镜）及BSE照片（Btf. 铌钛铀矿；Cal. 方解石；Hem. 赤铁矿；Py. 黄铁矿）；c. 铌钛铀矿能谱分析显示图
Fig. 5. Microscopic photograph and chemical feature of the Betafite in the Miaoya carbonatite complex
图 6 庙垭杂岩体（a）全岩Nb-Ta含量对比和（b）年代学数据统计对比
数据来源于 Xu et al.（2014，2015）；Ying et al.（2017，2020）；Zhu et al.（2017）；应元灿（2018）；Su et al.（2019）；Zhang et al.（2019）；Wu et al.（2021）
Fig. 6. (a) Comparison of whole-rock Nb-Ta contents and (b) geochronological data of the Miaoya complex
图 7 庙垭碳酸岩杂岩体中含铌矿物地球化学特征图
a. 铌金红石Nb2O5+FeO与TiO2关系图；b，c. Nb-Ti-Zr氧化物与Nb-Ti-Zr硅酸盐化学成分对比图；d. 富铀烧绿石Nb2O5与Ta2O5关系图；e. 富铀烧绿石Na+Ca（apfu）与A-□关系图；f. 烧绿石成因类型判别图（底图据Tremblay et al.，2017修改，底图数据来自Sharygin et al.，2009；Zaitsev et al.，2012；Dumanska-Słowik et al.，2014；Xu et al.，2015；Khromova et al.，2017；Wu et al.，2021）
Fig. 7. Geological chemical characteristics of Nb-bearing minerals in the Miaoya carbonatite complex
图 8 庙垭碳酸岩杂岩体铌富集模式图
Ab. 钠长石；Ap. 磷灰石；Bi. 黑云母；Btf. 铌钛铀矿；Cal.方解石；Clb. 铌铁矿；Hem. 赤铁矿；Ilm. 钛铁矿；Kfs. 钾长石；Nb-Rt. 铌金红石；Pcl. 烧绿石；Py. 黄铁矿；Xtm. 磷钇矿
Fig. 8. The model pattern of Nb enrichment in the Miaoya carbonatite complex
表 1 庙垭铌金红石化学成分（%）分析测试结果
Table 1. Chemical compositions (%) for the Miaoya Nb-rutile
岩性 方解石碳酸岩 点号 Rt-1 Rt-2 Rt-3 Rt-4 Rt-5 Rt-6 FeOT 0.49 1.26 1.27 1.03 1.04 1.17 TiO2 97.58 94.76 94.49 95.24 94.62 95.39 Nb2O5 1.09 2.91 3.35 2.57 2.05 2.41 V2O3 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Total 98.67 97.67 97.83 97.80 96.68 97.80 基于2个氧原子计算 FeT 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Ti 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 Nb bdl 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 V bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 注：bdl表示低于检测线 
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表 2 庙垭铌铁矿化学成分（%）分析结果
Table 2. Chemical compositions (%) for the Miaoya ferrocolumbite
岩性 方解石碳酸岩 点号 Clb-1 Clb-2 Clb-3 Clb-4 Clb-5 Clb-6 TiO2 1.33 1.47 1.42 1.63 1.85 1.66 FeOT 18.61 18.54 18.52 18.75 18.79 18.81 MnO 1.87 2.09 2.27 2.06 1.86 1.87 Ta2O5 5.74 1.30 1.70 5.26 2.46 6.45 Nb2O5 72.91 75.75 75.51 72.31 73.20 72.31 Total 100.46 99.14 99.41 100.01 98.15 101.09 基于6个氧原子计算 Mn 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 FeT 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.91 0.91 0.91 SumA 0.99 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.00 1.00 Ti 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.07 Ta 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.06 Nb 1.89 1.93 1.92 1.88 1.90 1.87 SumB 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Mn/(Mn+Fe) 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 Ta/(Nb+Ta) 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03
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表 3 庙垭含Nb-Ti-Zr矿物化学成分（%）分析结果
Table 3. Chemical compositions (%) for the Miaoya Nb-Ti-Zr bearingminerals
岩性 混染正长岩 混染正长岩 样品号 MY02-9 MY02-9 类型 Nb-Ti-Zr氧化物 Nb-Ti-Zr硅酸盐 点号 Nb-1 Nb-2 Nb-3 Nb-4 Nb-5 Nb-6 Nb-7 Nb-8 Nb-9 Nb-10 SiO2 7.62 1.08 0.10 9.77 5.68 28.25 20.88 23.92 29.31 27.23 TiO2 47.49 20.47 34.73 26.42 36.23 9.58 26.78 22.11 9.61 5.84 BaO 0.40 0.39 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.13 0.25 0.16 0.13 0.07 CaO 0.37 0.76 0.14 0.31 0.14 0.08 0.29 0.20 0.10 0.29 ThO2 0.55 3.12 0.10 0.41 0.59 0.26 0.34 0.77 0.43 0.67 FeOT 5.55 3.72 2.80 5.10 2.42 0.92 2.05 1.95 1.00 0.64 SrO 0.31 0.50 0.34 0.35 0.27 0.92 0.50 0.39 0.53 0.66 Ta2O5 7.16 5.20 1.99 4.08 2.18 1.15 3.64 2.75 1.24 0.72 Al2O3 0.09 0.14 0.27 0.21 0.30 0.05 0.15 0.09 bdl 0.19 Ce2O3 0.13 1.24 0.08 0.17 0.22 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.07 Nd2O3 0.10 1.16 0.07 0.28 0.30 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.13 ZrO2 11.48 40.81 49.41 34.74 43.57 55.09 37.47 42.97 54.90 55.15 Nb2O5 16.51 18.64 9.75 15.87 8.58 2.89 6.00 4.68 2.95 1.75 UO2 3.46 1.52 0.40 1.29 0.44 0.77 1.37 0.67 1.08 1.74 Total 101.22 98.76 100.43 99.25 101.19 100.18 99.80 100.72 101.36 95.15 注：bdl表示低于检测线.
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表 4 庙垭富铀烧绿石化学成分（%）分析测试结果
Table 4. Chemical compositions (%) for the Miaoya U-rich pyrochlore
样品号 MY02-1 MY02-9 岩性 方解石碳酸岩 混染正长岩 类型 类型1 点号 Pcl-1 Pcl-2 Pcl-3 Pcl-4 Pcl-1 Pcl-2 Pcl-3 SiO2 1.79 1.91 1.75 1.85 1.80 1.83 1.79 TiO2 10.70 10.85 10.41 10.83 10.75 10.50 10.68 Na2O bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl FeOT 1.62 1.61 1.70 1.69 1.65 1.70 1.72 MnO 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 CaO 8.31 6.92 8.62 7.57 8.05 7.42 7.8 BaO 0.53 0.49 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.55 0.6 SrO 2.62 1.25 2.65 1.45 2.20 2.1 1.98 Nb2O5 35.42 36.39 36.33 36.05 36.45 35.90 36.25 UO2 26.56 25.68 26.42 26.23 26.20 26.76 26.40 Ta2O5 9.22 8.89 8.36 8.81 8.70 9.12 8.95 ThO2 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Ce2O3 0.35 0.51 0.49 0.60 0.54 0.62 0.65 Nd2O3 0.21 0.48 0.20 0.46 0.40 0.30 0.50 F 0.68 0.32 0.79 0.35 0.50 0.65 0.56 H2O* 3.10 3.27 2.94 2.09 2.02 1.93 1.99 O=F -0.28 -0.14 -0.33 -0.15 -0.21 -0.27 -0.24 Total 100.85 98.46 100.80 98.38 99.61 99.15 99.66 基于2个金属阳离子计算 Ca 0.60 0.49 0.62 0.54 0.57 0.53 0.56 Na bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Mn bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Ba 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 Sr 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 FeT 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 LREE 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 U 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 Th bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Nb 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 Ta 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.16 Ti 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.53 Si 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 F 0.14 0.07 0.17 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.12 OH 0.86 0.93 0.83 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.88 A-vancancy 0.57 0.74 0.55 0.67 0.61 0.64 0.63 注：bdl表示低于检测线.
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