Anatomy of the Structure and Evolution of Subduction Zones and Research Prospects
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摘要: 俯冲带作为板块构造最为重要的标志之一，是地球最大的物质循环系统，被称为“俯冲工厂”.俯冲作用是驱动和维持板块运动的重要动力引擎.一个完整的俯冲带发育海沟、增生楔、弧前盆地、岩浆弧、弧后盆地（或弧背前陆盆地）等基本构造单元.在一些特殊情况下（如洋脊俯冲、年轻洋壳俯冲、海山俯冲），则可形成一些特殊的俯冲带结构（如平板俯冲、俯冲侵蚀），导致岩浆弧、增生楔、弧前盆地等不发育甚至缺失.俯冲大洋板片可滞留于或穿越地幔过渡带进入下地幔甚至到达核幔边界，把地壳物质带入到地球深部，并通过地幔柱活动上升到浅部.俯冲带是构造活动强烈的区域，存在走滑、挤压、伸展等变形及其构造叠加.俯冲带海沟可向大洋或大陆方向迁移，岛弧及增生楔等也随之发生迁移，使俯冲带上盘发生周期性挤压和伸展，形成复杂的古地理格局.微陆块、岛弧、海山/洋底高原等地质体在俯冲带发生增生时，可阻塞先存的俯冲带，造成俯冲带跃迁或俯冲极性反转，在其外侧形成新的俯冲带.俯冲带深部精细结构、俯冲起始如何发生、板块俯冲与地幔柱的深部关联机制等是当前俯冲带研究中值得关注的前沿问题.开展俯冲带地球物理深部探测、古缝合带与现今俯冲带对比研究、俯冲带动力学数值模拟是解决上述科学问题的重要途径.Abstract: Subduction zone, known as the subduction factory, is the most remarkable characteristics of plate tectonics and is the largest material circulation system on the earth. Subduction behaves as an important engine for driving and maintaining plate movement. A typical subduction zone comprises trench, accretionary wedge, forearc basin, magmatic arc, back-arc basin (or retroarc foreland basin). In some special circumstances, such as ridge subduction, subduction of young oceanic slab and seamount subduction, some special structure such as flat-slab subduction and subduction erosion may occur, resulting in the absence of arc magmatism, accretionary complex or forearc basin. Subducted slab may get through the mantle transition zone into the lower mantle and even reach the core-mantle boundary, and bring the crustal rocks into the deep earth, which ascend to earth's surface in the form of mantle plume. Subduction zone is characterized by active deformation including strike-slip, compression, and extension and structural overprinting. Magmatic arc and accretionary complex may migrate oceanward or landward along with the trench, leading to cyclic compression and extension of the upper plate and the formation of complex paleogeographic patterns. The accretion of microcontinent, arc, seamount and oceanic plateau can chock the subduction zone and lead to subduction zone transference or subduction polarity reversal with the formation of new subduction zone outboard. The detailed deep structure of subduction zone, subduction initiation mechanism, and the interplay between subduction and mantle plume are the research fronts of subduction zone. Conducting geophysical deep exploration of subduction zones, comparative studies of suture zones and active subduction zones, and numerical simulation of subduction zone geodynamics are important ways to solve the above scientific problems.
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图 1 全球俯冲带分布，可划分为增生型俯冲带和侵蚀型俯冲带
Fig. 1. Distribution of accretionary and erosional subduction zones
图 3 安第斯型造山带结构
在弧后位置形成弧背褶皱冲断带和弧背前陆盆地，据Pfiffner and Gonzalez（2013）修改
Fig. 3. Orogenic structure of the Andes, showing the development of retroarc fold‒thrust belt and retroarc foreland basin
图 4 地震层析成像揭示全球主要俯冲带深部结构特征
东太平洋板块在中美洲和南美洲俯冲穿过地幔过渡带进入下地幔；西太平洋板块平躺于东亚大陆地幔过渡带，形成大地幔楔；印度洋板片沿安达曼‒苏门答腊俯冲带穿过地幔过渡带进入下地幔.据Zhao et al.（2007）、Li et al.（2008）修改
Fig. 4. Deep structures of global subduction zones as revealed by seismic tomography
图 5 增生型俯冲带和侵蚀型俯冲带结构示意
Fig. 5. Schematic diagrams showing structures of accretionary and erosional subduction zones
图 6 平板型俯冲带结构示意
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram showing the structure of flat-slab subduction
图 7 美国西海岸Cascades地区50~40 Ma高角度俯冲作用
据Burkett and Gurnis（2013）、Schmandt and Humphreys（2011）
Fig. 7. High-angle subduction of the Cascades subduction zone in western North America during 50‒40 Ma
图 8 太平洋板块发生高角度洋内俯冲作用，俯冲大洋板片在下地幔发生垂向堆叠
Fig. 8. High-angle intra-oceanic subduction of the Pacific Plate, showing the vertical stack of subducted slab
图 9 伊泽纳崎板块‒太平洋板块洋中脊‒转换断层俯冲带结构示意
Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of ridge-transform fault subduction of the Izanagi-Pacific Plate
图 10 南美洋中脊‒转换断层俯冲带结构示意
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of the ridge-transform fault subduction beneath South American Plate
图 11 太平洋板块北部几个平行的大洋破碎带俯冲结构示意
Fig. 11. Structure of the subduction of several parallel oceanic fracture zones in the northern Pacific Plate
图 12 特提斯造山带金沙江段洋中脊俯冲作用
Fig. 12. Schematic diagrams illustrating ridge subduction of the Jinshajiang Ocean in Tethys
图 13 地幔柱热点或者大火成岩省分布
Fig. 13. Global distribution of Phanerozoic hotspots or large igneous provinces
图 14 OIB再循环形成E-MORB示意
俯冲的海山在地幔对流的影响下和其他洋壳在上地幔发生再循环并在洋脊处形成EMORB.修改自Ulrich et al.（2012）
Fig. 14. Schematic diagram showing OIB recirculated to form E-MORB
图 15 秘鲁俯冲带板片形态，纳斯卡无震海岭和因卡无震海岭平板型俯冲
Fig. 15. Morphology of the Peru subduction zone, showing the flat slabs induced by subduction of the Nazca and Inca aseismic ridges
图 16 安纳托利亚下方俯冲板片断离的侧向传播过程
箭头显示了地幔上涌和环塞浦路斯板块边缘的环形流动.修改自Schildgen et al.（2014）
Fig. 16. Lateral propagation of slab break-off beneath Anatolia
图 17 日本造山带结构，展示增生楔、高压变质岩系与岩浆弧向大洋方向迁移
Fig. 17. Architecture of the Japan orogen, showing oceanward migration of accretionary complexes, high-pressure metamorphic rocks and magmatic arcs
图 18 地中海及周边地区俯冲板片结构及地幔对流形式（红色箭头所示）
Fig. 18. Subducted slab structures and mantle convection patterns (red arrow) in the Mediterranean Sea and surrounding areas
图 19 班达岛弧俯冲板片三维形态随时间演化模式
a. 15 Ma；b. 7 Ma；c. 4 Ma；d. 0 Ma. 据Spakman and Hall（2010）修改
Fig. 19. Schematic diagrams of subducted slab morphology evolution over time in Banda Island arc
图 20 华北克拉通东部造山带洋底高原外围诱发大洋俯冲构造演化过程
Fig. 20. Schematic tectonic model illustrating the early Neoarchean geodynamic regime conversion from a mantle plume to intraoceanic arc subduction in the eastern North China Craton
图 21 板块驱动力机制示意
Fig. 21. Schematic diagram illustrating the role of oceanic subduction in driving plate tectonics
图 22 大洋破裂带俯冲机制模拟
a. 模拟均一板块俯冲；b. 模拟蛇纹石化破裂带俯冲. 修改自Manea et al.（2014）
Fig. 22. Simulation of subduction mechanism of oceanic fracture zone
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