Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Gas-Water Distribution in Deep-Buried Continuous Superimposed Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs in Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 川西坳陷深层叠覆型致密砂岩气藏气水分布特征及其形成机理和演化规律认识不清, 已经成为制约天然气勘探和开发的关键问题.利用钻井、测井、地震、录井、生产测试等资料, 在对上三叠统须家河组致密气藏气水分特征分析的基础上, 综合研究了气水分布的控制因素、形成机理和成因演化.结果表明, 须四上亚段气水呈“层状”分布但气水边界模糊；须四下亚段和须二段地层水呈“孤立状”分布.烃源岩供烃能力对气水分布具有宏观控制作用, 断裂对天然气和地层水具有沟通和破坏双重作用, 储层非均质对气水分布进一步调整.孔隙流体状态控制下的3个流体动力场内地层水的赋存特征存在明显差异, 并形成不同的气水分布样式.依据流体动力场演化、源岩生排烃史及构造演化特征, 划分出气水分异期、气水各异期、气水调整期及气水定型期4个阶段.Abstract: Deep-buried superimposed tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the western Sichuan Depression are characterized by intensive heterogeneity with obvious water production. However, the mechanisms of gas-water distribution and its evolutionary processes are still unclear, which constrains the natural gas exploration and exploitation severely. Based on the data of drilling, well-logging, production and laboratory experiments, this study reveals the distribution characteristics, controlling factors and mechanisms of gas-water distribution of the tight gas reservoirs in upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation. Furthermore, this study also establishes a genetic evolution model of gas-water distribution. The research results show obvious disparity of gas-water distribution between different members of Xujiahe Formation. The gas-water distribution in the upper 4th Member of the Xujiahe Formation shows "layer-like" pattern, which is characterized by vague gas-water interface, while the regular distribution pattern (gas over water) and reverse distribution pattern (water over gas) with obvious gas-water interface only occur in part of the reservoirs. The gas-water distribution in lower 4th Member and 2nd Member of the Xujiahe Formations is characterized by "water surrounded by gas" pattern, the formation water is characterized by "island-like" distribution pattern. The hydrocarbon generating capacity of source rocks controlled the gas-water distribution at macroscopic level, while faults had dual influences of connecting and disrupting on the gas-water distribution. The reservoir heterogeneity further adjusted the water-gas distribution. The distribution of microscopic pore fluids had significant influence on water-gas distribution of the tight sandstone gas reservoirs, the three hydrodynamic fields controlled by pore fluids led to different occurrence characteristics of formation water and hence the different gas-water distribution. According to the evolution of hydrodynamic fields, hydrocarbon generating and expelling history and characteristics of tectonic evolution, the formation and evolutionary processes of formation water distribution were divided into four stages. The first stage was gas-water differentiation stage controlled by free hydrodynamic field with early-period hydrocarbon expulsion before the end of Early Jurassic. The second stage was formation water distinction stage controlled by different hydrodynamic fields with hydrocarbon expulsion peak from Early Jurassic to the end of Late Jurassic. The third stage was formation water adjustment period controlled by different hydrodynamic fields with hydrocarbon expulsion peak from Early Cretaceous to the end of Cretaceous. The fourth stage was gas-water distribution stereotype stage at present.
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图 1 川西坳陷构造位置、构造单元划分及深层须家河气藏分布图
Fig. 1. Tectonic location, structure units and gas reservoir distribution of Xujiahe Formation in the western Sichuan Depression
图 2 川西坳陷陆相地层综合柱状图
Fig. 2. Comprehensive stratigraphic histogram of the continental strata in the western Sichuan Depression
图 3 川西坳陷马井‒新场气田气藏剖面图（剖面位置见图 1）
Fig. 3. Gas section across the Majing-Xinchang Oilfield in the western Sichuan Depression
图 4 川西坳陷孝泉‒新场‒丰谷构造带须四段气藏剖面图（剖面位置见图 1）
Fig. 4. Gas section of the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation across the Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Fenggu Oilfield in the western Sichuan Depression
图 5 川西坳陷孝泉‒新场‒丰谷构造带须二段气藏剖面图（剖面位置见图 1）
Fig. 5. Gas section of the 2nd Member of Xujiahe Formation across the Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Fenggu Oilfield in the western Sichuan Depression
图 6 川西坳陷深层源岩排烃强度与气水测试产能叠合图
a.须四下亚段气水测试产能与须三段排烃强度叠合图；b.须四上亚段气水测试产能与须四中亚段排烃强度叠合图
Fig. 6. Superimposed graph of hydrocarbon expulsion intensity of source rock and test capacity of gas and water in the western Sichuan Depression
图 7 川西坳陷川鸭子河‒马井‒新都气藏剖面及天然气运移路径（剖面位置见图 1）
Fig. 7. Gas section and gas migration pathway across the Yazihe-Majing-Xindu Oilfield in the western Sichuan Depression
图 8 川西坳陷新场‒合兴场‒丰谷气藏剖面及天然气运移路径（剖面位置见图 1）
Fig. 8. Gas section and gas migration pathway across the Xinchang-Hexingchang-Fenggu Oilfield in the western Sichuan Depression
图 9 川西坳陷须四段单井产能与断裂距离之间的统计关系
a、b. 须四上亚段距离青岗嘴断裂距离与气水产能关系；c、d. 须四下亚段距离须家河组内部断层距离与气水产能关系
Fig. 9. Test capacity versus the distance from well to the fault of the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation in the western Sichuan Depression
图 10 孝泉‒新场地区须二段裂缝分布预测图
Fig. 10. Prediction map of fissure in the 2nd Member of Xujiahe Formation of the Xiaoquan-Xinchang Oilfield in the western Sichuan Depression
图 11 孝泉‒新场地区须二段构造等值线与产能分布图
Fig. 11. Structure contour and test gas and water capacity map of the 2nd Member of Xujiahe Formation of the Xiaoquan-Xinchang Oilfield in the western Sichuan Depression
图 12 孔隙流体演化及气水赋存特征
Fig. 12. The evolution of the pore fluid and its occurrence characteristics
图 13 川西坳陷须家河组埋藏史、热史与排烃模式图
a. 川西坳陷埋藏史及热演化史；b. 上三叠统须五段烃源岩排烃模式；c. 上三叠统须三段烃源岩排烃模式；d. 上三叠统马鞍塘组‒小塘子组烃源岩排烃模式
Fig. 13. Burial and thermal history and hydrocarbon expulsion model of the Trasssic Xujiahe Formation in the western Sichuan Depression
图 14 川西坳陷叠覆连续致密砂岩气藏气水分布成因模式图
Fig. 14. The genetic model of gas-water distribution of superimposed continuous tight sandstone reservoir in the western Sichuan Depression
表 1 测试井分类特征
Table 1. The test well classification characteristics
层段 平均孔隙度（%） 井型 测试井数 日产气量（104m3/d） 日产水量（m3/d） 水气比 范围 平均 范围 平均 T3x4上 7.78 产气井 9 0.10~4.13 0.90 0 0 0 产水井 2 0~0.07 0.36 0.57~19.20 9.89 27.47 气水同产井 14 0.12~3.80 0.73 1.86~358 45.28 62.03 总计 25 0~4.13 0.74 0~358 26.15 35.34 T3x4下 5.64 产气井 15 0.10~32.6 5.86 0 0 0 产水井 5 0~0.20 0.07 1.21~72 27.35 390.71 气水同产井 12 0.26~36.69 7.33 0.21~24.80 10.23 1.40 总计 32 0~36.69 5.51 0~72 8.37 1.52 T3x2 4.32 产气井 13 0.01~35.97 11.32 0 0 0 产水井 4 0~0.20 0.15 1.54~25 8.41 56.07 气水同产井 23 0.30~73.55 11.77 0.50~648 79.26 6.73 总计 40 0~73.55 10.46 0~648 46.42 4.44 
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表 2 川西坳陷须家河组主力烃源岩性质
Table 2. The main source rock properties of the Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Depression
主力烃源岩 岩石类型 暗色泥岩厚度（m） TOC（%） 成熟度Ro（%） 类型 须四中亚段 黑色泥页岩、碳质页岩、煤 49~169108.5 0.64~6.301.80 1.10~1.731.40 Ⅲ型 须三段 黑色泥页岩、碳质页岩、煤 125~700313.9 0.64~6.572.30 1.35~2.271.76 Ⅲ型 马鞍塘‒小塘子组 深灰色页岩, 局部夹薄煤层 50~350169.5 0.45~8.162.17 0.75~3.781.85 Ⅲ型
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表 3 川西坳陷致密砂岩储层孔隙度、含水饱和度、产能及综合解释结论
Table 3. Saturation of water, productivity and interpretation from well logs of WSD tight sandstone gas reservoirs
层段 井名 孔隙度（%） 深度（m） 含水饱和度（%） 产能（m3/d） 解释结论 总饱和度 可动水 束缚水 气 水 须四段 川合148 11.83 3 581.4 55.21 9.23（16.72） 45.98（83.28） 0.24 6.20 含水气层 川丰125 5.12 3 579.8 44.36 4.22（9.51） 40.14（90.49） 0.03 1.21 含气层 川丰125 7.07 3 844.3 37.25 0.15（0.40） 37.10（99.60） 0.03 0 含气层 川丰125 6.48 3 848.4 42.25 0.41（0.97） 41.84（99.03） 0.01 0 含气层 川丰125 11.04 3 886.9 37.62 3.25（8.64） 34.37（91.36） 0.01 1.80 含水气层 川丰125 6.10 3 892.0 47.25 0.34（0.72） 46.91（99.28） 34.93 13 裂缝型气层 川孝560 2.88 3 435.6 56.96 8.62（15.24） 48.28（84.76） 0.50 4.28 气水同层 川孝560 7.28 3 523.3 51.31 0.55（1.07） 50.76（98.93） 5.94 0.21 含水气层 新882 6.35 4 373.0 64.33 14.02（22.57） 49.81（77.43） 2.38 62.30 气水同层 川高561 5.91 3 632.3 55.21 9.24（16.72） 45.98（83.28） 0.24 3.20 含水气层 新场23 2.54 4 010.0 57.50 6.21（10.87） 51.25（89.13） 0.80 6.80 水层 丰谷21 11.81 3 776.1 67.32 16.08（24.08） 51.11（75.92） 1.94 64.80 气水同层 须二段 川丰125 4.21 3 875.6 58.62 0.32（0.55） 58.30（99.45） 0 0 干层 川丰125 5.27 4 442.5 47.41 2.14（4.51） 45.27（95.49） 79.35 0 气层 川孝560 3.25 4 911.9 62.33 1.16（1.86） 61.17（98.14） 6.82 0 裂缝型气层 川孝560 4.12 4 803.3 44.32 0.44（0.99） 43.88（99.01） 0 0 干层 川高561 3.53 4 808.6 55.21 2.14（3.88） 53.07（96.12） 10.46 2.80 气层 川合100 5.16 5 060.5 55.21 1.18（2.14） 54.03（97.86） 9.69 0 气层 川合100 5.34 5 060.5 47.25 0.77（1.63） 46.48（98.37） 34.93 0 裂缝型气层 马深1 4.72 5 427.8 62.31 1.01（1.62） 61.30（98.38） 0 0 干层 新856 3.74 4 723.4 51.47 0.55（1.07） 50.92（98.93） 55.46 0 裂缝型气层 川高561 5.52 4 941.3 62.37 9.90（15.97） 52.41（84.03） 0 6.20 水层 注：3.73（8.81）表示绝对饱和度（相对饱和度）.
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