Genesis and Its Geodynamic Significance of Late Cretaceous Granites in North Lancang River Suture
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摘要: 北澜沧江结合带花岗岩的研究主要集中于印支期，对白垩纪花岗岩却鲜有报道.在野外地质调查基础上，对藏东类乌齐地区新发现的花岗岩进行了岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究.结果显示，2件花岗岩样品成岩年龄分别为75.06±0.82 Ma（MSWD=1.90）、74.89±0.65 Ma（MSWD=1.05），为晚白垩世岩浆活动的产物；花岗岩含白云母（~5%），具高SiO2（69.07%~69.39%）、富K2O（5.31%~5.77%）、低Mg#（0.30~0.33）的特点，A/CNK比值为1.11~1.15，富集大离子亲石元素和LREE，亏损高场强元素和HREE，轻、重稀土元素强烈分馏，负Eu异常显著，属过铝质S型花岗岩，其源岩为变泥质岩和变质杂砂岩.岩石具分布较为分散的锆石εHf（t）值（-4.6~1.1）和古老的Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄（TDM2，1.07~1.43 Ga）.综合分析认为，北澜沧江结合带晚白垩世花岗岩是拉萨-南羌塘地体后碰撞伸展构造背景下，由加厚岩石圈拆沉引发软流圈物质上涌和减压熔融形成的幔源镁铁质岩浆底侵于古老地壳，诱发其部分熔融，并与之混合形成的母岩浆，再经历一定程度分离结晶作用而形成，指示晚白垩世藏东类乌齐地区造山演化处于后期造山带破坏阶段.Abstract: Studies on granites in the North Lancang River suture were mainly focused on the Indosinian period, but little on the Cretaceous. Based on the field geological survey, the petrogeochemistry, zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotope of the newly discovered granites in Leiwuqi area, East Tibet are carried out. The results show that the diagenetic ages of the two granites are 75.06±0.82 Ma (MSWD=1.90) and 74.89±0.65 Ma (MSWD=1.05), respectively, which are the products of Late Cretaceous magmatic activity. The granites contain muscovite (~5%) and are characterized by high SiO2 (69.07%-69.39%), rich K2O (5.31%-5.77%) and low Mg# (0.30-0.33), with A/CNK ratio of 1.11-1.15, and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Rb, Th, U and Pb) and LREE, depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Ba, Nb, Sr, P and Ti) and HREE, with strong fractionation of light and heavy rare earth elements and significant negative Eu anomaly. These features suggest that the granites belong to the peraluminaceous S-type granite, and the source rocks are metamorphic argillaceous rocks and greywacke. The zircon εHf(t) value of the granite (-4.6 to 1.1) varies widely and are of ancient two-stage Hf isotopic model ages (TDM2, 1.07-1.43 Ga). Comprehensive analysis shows that the Late Cretaceous granites in the North Lancang River suture were generated by a degree of separation crystallization of parent magma, derived from mantle derived mafic magma formed by the upwelling and decompression melting of asthenosphere materials caused by the delamination of the thickened lithosphere, underplating into the ancient crust, inducing the melting of the ancient crust and mixing with it, which indicates that the orogenic evolution of the Leiwuqi area in East Tibet was in the late orogenic destruction stage during Late Cretaceous.
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图 1 青藏高原大地构造单元划分简图（王保弟等，2021）
底图的审图号为GS(2022)1873号
Fig. 1. Simplified geotectonic units map of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (after Wang et al., 2021)
图 2 藏东昌都地区地质图及采样点位置图（b）（图a据王立全等, 2013）
Fig. 2. Geological map of Qamdo area in East Tibet (a) and location map of sampling points (b) (Fig.a according to Wang et al., 2013)
图 3 花岗岩手标本（a）及镜下微观（b）特征
Qtz. 石英；Kfs. 钾长石；Pl. 斜长石；Bt. 黑云母；Ms. 白云母
Fig. 3. Characteristics of hand specimen (a) and microscopic (b) of the granite
图 6 花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果
Fig. 6. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating concordia diagrams of the granite
图 7 花岗岩K2O-SiO2图解（a）与A/NK-A/CNK图解（b）
底图a引自Middlemost（1994）；底图b引自Maniar et al.（1989）；藏东吉塘早古生代花岗岩引自任飞等（2021）；北澜沧江结合带早三叠世花岗片麻岩引自王保弟等（2011）；藏东察拉晚三叠世花岗岩引自Wang et al.（2018）、Tao et al.（2014）；藏东拉荣早白垩世花岗岩引自刘俊（2020）；滇西昌宁-孟连结合带西侧漕涧晚白垩世花岗岩引自禹丽等（2014）
Fig. 7. K2O-SiO2 (a) and A/NK-A/CNK (b) diagrams of the granite
表 1 花岗岩锆石U-Pb分析结果
Table 1. Zircon U-Pb data of the granite
测试点 含量(10-6) Th/U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U Th U 比值 1δ 比值 1δ 比值 1δ 年龄(Ma) 1δ 年龄(Ma) 1δ ECGK03-01 375.4 1 510.2 0.25 0.044 06 0.002 05 0.070 76 0.003 09 0.011 63 0.000 20 69.4 2.93 74.5 1.25 ECGK03-02 221.6 1 379.9 0.16 0.046 82 0.002 26 0.073 81 0.003 36 0.011 42 0.000 20 72.3 3.17 73.2 1.26 ECGK03-03 211.9 2 256.2 0.09 0.045 22 0.001 77 0.070 99 0.002 56 0.011 37 0.000 18 69.6 2.43 72.9 1.17 ECGK03-04 501.6 1 528.3 0.33 0.047 87 0.002 17 0.075 76 0.003 21 0.011 46 0.000 19 74.1 3.03 73.5 1.24 ECGK03-05 254.1 2 027.5 0.13 0.046 63 0.001 91 0.074 54 0.002 83 0.011 58 0.000 19 73.0 2.67 74.2 1.21 ECGK03-06 259.2 1 781.2 0.15 0.044 26 0.001 97 0.072 13 0.003 00 0.011 81 0.000 20 70.7 2.84 75.7 1.26 ECGK03-07 340.2 2 324.1 0.15 0.045 17 0.001 76 0.072 22 0.002 59 0.011 59 0.000 19 70.8 2.45 74.3 1.19 ECGK03-08 190.1 1 488.4 0.13 0.046 89 0.002 21 0.073 43 0.003 25 0.011 35 0.000 19 71.9 3.08 72.8 1.24 ECGK03-09 378.4 1 356.1 0.28 0.046 25 0.002 20 0.077 26 0.003 45 0.012 11 0.000 21 75.6 3.26 77.6 1.33 ECGK03-10 376.5 1 640.6 0.23 0.046 19 0.002 07 0.074 11 0.003 10 0.011 63 0.000 20 72.6 2.93 74.5 1.25 ECGK03-11 474.1 1 570.2 0.30 0.046 36 0.002 12 0.073 32 0.003 15 0.011 47 0.000 19 71.8 2.98 73.5 1.24 ECGK03-12 363.4 2 003.1 0.18 0.046 98 0.001 90 0.075 02 0.002 81 0.011 58 0.000 19 73.5 2.66 74.2 1.21 ECGK03-13 283.9 1 649.2 0.17 0.046 39 0.002 04 0.077 46 0.003 19 0.012 11 0.000 20 75.8 3.01 77.6 1.30 ECGK03-14 245.2 1 999.5 0.12 0.046 06 0.001 87 0.075 80 0.002 85 0.01194 0.000 20 74.2 2.69 76.5 1.25 ECGK03-15 342.1 1 876.3 0.18 0.047 02 0.001 97 0.076 04 0.002 97 0.011 73 0.000 20 74.4 2.80 75.2 1.25 ECGK03-16 263.4 1 589.9 0.17 0.048 17 0.002 13 0.080 70 0.003 34 0.012 16 0.000 21 78.8 3.14 77.9 1.32 ECGK03-17 228.6 1 378.8 0.17 0.047 95 0.002 27 0.079 38 0.003 53 0.012 01 0.000 21 77.6 3.32 77.0 1.33 ECGK03-18 371.1 2 312.2 0.16 0.046 34 0.001 82 0.074 93 0.002 72 0.011 74 0.000 19 73.4 2.57 75.2 1.23 ECGK03-19 269.2 1 963.7 0.14 0.047 58 0.001 90 0.079 29 0.002 94 0.012 10 0.000 20 77.5 2.76 77.5 1.27 ECGK04-01 214.2 1 498.5 0.14 0.045 81 0.002 24 0.073 50 0.003 39 0.011 65 0.000 20 72.0 3.21 74.6 1.30 ECGK04-02 205.9 1 657.3 0.12 0.047 74 0.002 16 0.076 47 0.003 24 0.011 63 0.000 20 74.8 3.06 74.5 1.27 ECGK04-03 322.4 1 344.9 0.24 0.048 17 0.002 32 0.075 18 0.003 41 0.011 33 0.00020 73.6 3.22 72.6 1.27 ECGK04-04 191.8 1 592.9 0.12 0.044 69 0.002 02 0.071 15 0.003 02 0.011 56 0.000 20 69.8 2.87 74.1 1.26 ECGK04-05 502.7 1 821.4 0.28 0.049 01 0.002 05 0.076 91 0.002 99 0.011 40 0.000 19 75.2 2.82 73.1 1.22 ECGK04-06 205.5 1 488.2 0.14 0.047 31 0.002 16 0.077 88 0.003 33 0.011 96 0.000 21 76.2 3.14 76.6 1.32 ECGK04-07 242.2 1 787.0 0.14 0.044 65 0.001 94 0.071 49 0.002 91 0.011 63 0.000 20 70.1 2.76 74.6 1.26 ECGK04-08 453.0 1 449.8 0.31 0.046 33 0.002 23 0.075 89 0.003 44 0.011 90 0.000 21 74.3 3.25 76.3 1.33 ECGK04-09 279.0 1 597.4 0.17 0.047 52 0.002 10 0.077 18 0.003 19 0.011 80 0.000 20 75.5 3.00 75.6 1.29 ECGK04-10 214.3 1 600.4 0.13 0.045 90 0.002 14 0.074 02 0.003 25 0.011 72 0.000 20 72.5 3.07 75.1 1.30 ECGK04-11 259.0 1 380.2 0.19 0.049 05 0.002 38 0.078 58 0.003 59 0.011 64 0.00021 76.8 3.38 74.6 1.32 ECGK04-12 304.3 2 451.3 0.12 0.046 95 0.001 84 0.076 06 0.002 76 0.011 77 0.000 20 74.4 2.60 75.5 1.25 ECGK04-13 425.8 1 293.5 0.33 0.047 41 0.002 47 0.077 00 0.003 81 0.011 80 0.000 21 75.3 3.59 75.7 1.36 ECGK04-14 167.5 1 229.9 0.14 0.045 44 0.002 51 0.075 90 0.003 99 0.012 14 0.000 22 74.3 3.77 77.8 1.42 ECGK04-15 713.6 1 814.9 0.39 0.046 56 0.002 11 0.073 74 0.003 14 0.011 51 0.000 20 72.2 2.97 73.8 1.27 
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表 2 花岗岩锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析数据
Table 2. Zircon Lu-Hf isotope data of the granite
测试点 年龄(Ma) 176Hf/177Hf 1δ 176Lu/177Hf 1δ 176Yb/177Hf 1δ εHf(t) 1δ TDM1 TDM2 fLu/Hf ECGK03-01 74.5 0.282 651 0.000 018 0.001 155 0.000 011 0.047 367 0.000 894 -2.7 0.637 615 856 1 313 -0.97 ECGK03-02 73.2 0.282 700 0.000 017 0.000 908 0.000 007 0.036 844 0.000 560 -1.0 0.611 886 781 1 202 -0.97 ECGK03-03 72.9 0.282 687 0.000 018 0.001 256 0.000 025 0.051 481 0.001 232 -1.5 0.633 644 806 1 232 -0.96 ECGK03-04 73.5 0.282 606 0.000 016 0.001 391 0.000 008 0.056 421 0.000 630 -4.3 0.564 371 926 1 415 -0.96 ECGK03-05 74.2 0.282 708 0.000 020 0.001 300 0.000 015 0.052 837 0.000 746 -0.7 0.695 234 778 1 185 -0.96 ECGK03-06 75.7 0.282 643 0.000 018 0.001 159 0.000 035 0.045 980 0.001 782 -3.0 0.616 337 867 1 330 -0.97 ECGK03-07 74.3 0.282 652 0.000 017 0.001 155 0.000 040 0.047 210 0.001 884 -2.7 0.604 481 854 1 309 -0.97 ECGK03-08 72.8 0.282 725 0.000 017 0.001 056 0.000 005 0.043 658 0.000 448 -0.1 0.581 650 749 1 148 -0.97 ECGK03-09 77.6 0.282 657 0.000 018 0.001 044 0.000 007 0.043 429 0.000 354 -2.4 0.622 497 844 1 296 -0.97 ECGK03-10 74.5 0.282 685 0.000 018 0.001 686 0.000 022 0.071 110 0.001 315 -1.5 0.622 508 818 1 237 -0.95 ECGK03-11 73.5 0.282 677 0.000 019 0.000 632 0.000 022 0.025 809 0.001 120 -1.8 0.659 680 807 1 252 -0.98 ECGK03-12 74.2 0.282 700 0.000 018 0.001 213 0.000 009 0.049 312 0.000 597 -1.0 0.622 890 788 1 204 -0.96 ECGK03-13 77.6 0.282 672 0.000 019 0.001 122 0.000 014 0.045 939 0.000 709 -1.9 0.673 216 826 1 264 -0.97 ECGK03-14 76.5 0.282 661 0.000 020 0.001 466 0.000 004 0.058 195 0.000 526 -2.3 0.694 901 848 1 289 -0.96 ECGK03-15 75.2 0.282 654 0.000 017 0.001 032 0.000 015 0.041 585 0.000 828 -2.6 0.610 774 848 1 304 -0.97 ECGK03-16 77.9 0.282 660 0.000 019 0.001 162 0.000 003 0.046 704 0.000 249 -2.3 0.660 976 843 1 290 -0.96 ECGK03-17 77.0 0.282 715 0.000 019 0.001 004 0.000 036 0.040 854 0.001 501 -0.4 0.651 558 762 1 167 -0.97 ECGK03-18 75.2 0.282 705 0.000 020 0.001 025 0.000 008 0.042 706 0.000 535 -0.8 0.700 274 776 1 190 -0.97 ECGK03-19 77.5 0.282 709 0.000 021 0.001 795 0.000 020 0.076 424 0.000 737 -0.6 0.743 571 787 1 183 -0.95 ECGK04-01 74.6 0.282 711 0.000 019 0.001 169 0.000 012 0.047 988 0.000 566 -0.6 0.652 205 771 1 177 -0.96 ECGK04-02 74.5 0.282 663 0.000 019 0.001 023 0.000 005 0.041 483 0.000 443 -2.3 0.656 645 835 1 285 -0.97 ECGK04-03 72.6 0.282 664 0.000 020 0.001 456 0.000 008 0.060 013 0.000 487 -2.3 0.708 731 843 1 284 -0.96 ECGK04-04 74.1 0.282 658 0.000 017 0.001 178 0.000 027 0.047 253 0.001 384 -2.5 0.598 109 846 1 297 -0.96 ECGK04-05 73.1 0.282 706 0.000 020 0.001 184 0.000 006 0.048 776 0.000 087 -0.8 0.685 409 778 1 189 -0.96 ECGK04-06 76.6 0.282 642 0.000 018 0.001 031 0.000 024 0.042 017 0.001 316 -3.0 0.626 679 866 1 332 -0.97 ECGK04-07 74.6 0.282 701 0.000 019 0.001 058 0.000 011 0.042 880 0.000 622 -0.9 0.652 351 783 1 200 -0.97 ECGK04-08 76.3 0.282 636 0.000 020 0.001 143 0.000 021 0.046 229 0.001 159 -3.2 0.687 939 877 1 346 -0.97 ECGK04-09 75.6 0.282 630 0.000 015 0.000 882 0.000 012 0.036 900 0.000 654 -3.4 0.527 929 878 1 357 -0.97 ECGK04-10 75.1 0.282 649 0.000 017 0.001 345 0.000 018 0.054 117 0.000 944 -2.8 0.585 974 862 1 316 -0.96 ECGK04-11 74.6 0.282 683 0.000 018 0.001 113 0.000 020 0.046 001 0.000 881 -1.6 0.644 117 809 1 239 -0.97 ECGK04-12 75.5 0.282 724 0.000 020 0.001 288 0.000 017 0.053 124 0.000 845 -0.1 0.688 795 754 1 147 -0.96 ECGK04-13 75.7 0.282 758 0.000 020 0.001 162 0.000 007 0.049 962 0.000 461 1.1 0.716 703 704 1 071 -0.97 ECGK04-14 77.8 0.282 597 0.000 019 0.000 978 0.000 034 0.039 924 0.001 594 -4.5 0.660 601 928 1 432 -0.97 ECGK04-15 73.8 0.282 683 0.000 018 0.001 073 0.000 006 0.044 555 0.000 387 -1.6 0.628 561 808 1 240 -0.97 注：(176Lu/177Hf)CHUR=0.033 2±0.000 2，(176Hf/177Hf)CHUR =0.028 277 2±0.000 029 (Bouvier et al., 2008)；(176Lu/177Hf)DM=0.038 4，(176Hf/177Hf)DM=0.283 25 ( Griffin et al., 2000 )；εHf(0)=[(176Hf/177Hf)S/(176Hf/177Hf)CHUR, 0-1]×10 000；εHf(t)={[(176Hf/177Hf)S-(176Lu/177Hf)S×(eλt-1)]/[(176Hf/177Hf) CHUR, 0-(176Lu/177Hf)CHUR×(eλt-1)]-1}×10 000；TDM1=1/λ×ln{1+[(176Hf/177Hf)S-(176Hf/177Hf)DM]/[(176Lu/177Hf)S-(176Lu/177Hf)DM]}；TDM2= TDM1-(TDM1-t)×[(fCC-fS)/( fCC-fDM)]；fLu/Hf =(176Lu/177Hf)S/(176Lu/177Hf)CHUR-1；其中，176Lu的衰变常数为1.876×10-11 a-1 (Albarède et al., 2006 )；TDM2计算时采用地壳平均值176Lu/177Hf=0.015 (Rudnick and Gao, 2014)
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表 3 花岗岩主量（%）、微量元素（10-6）分析数据
Table 3. Major elements (%), trace elements (10-6) and Sr-Nd isotopes of the granite
样品
编号ECGK01 ECGK02 ECGK03 ECGK04 ECGK05 样品编号 ECGK01 ECGK02 ECGK03 ECGK04 ECGK05 SiO2 69.26 69.18 69.36 69.39 69.07 Pr 10.01 11.07 12.73 12.40 13.00 TiO2 0.43 0.35 0.41 0.41 0.35 Nd 38.12 41.21 47.51 46.59 48.83 Al2O3 15.01 15.04 14.88 14.92 15.06 Sm 6.53 7.10 8.15 8.00 8.36 TFeO 3.39 2.69 3.12 3.12 2.70 Eu 0.80 0.83 0.77 0.75 0.78 MnO 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 Gd 5.28 5.58 6.71 6.36 6.69 MgO 0.85 0.73 0.76 0.73 0.70 Tb 0.63 0.67 0.80 0.76 0.79 CaO 1.13 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.21 Dy 2.91 3.08 3.73 3.50 3.68 Na2O 2.95 3.13 3.02 3.05 2.95 Ho 0.53 0.57 0.68 0.63 0.67 K2O 5.77 5.74 5.31 5.35 5.76 Er 1.68 1.76 2.18 2.05 2.13 P2O5 0.31 0.26 0.30 0.30 0.25 Tm 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.28 0.29 LOI 1.22 1.73 1.56 1.54 1.66 Ce 90 99 112 111 114 Total 100.37 100.10 99.97 100.06 99.76 Yb 1.51 1.57 1.91 1.80 1.88 Cr 12.2 10.6 14.5 12.9 12.6 Lu 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.27 0.28 Ni 4.39 3.80 4.66 4.43 4.94 Hf 4.21 4.08 4.59 4.28 5.01 Rb 341 358 365 358 384 Ta 2.72 2.87 3.51 3.52 3.72 Sr 120 126 113 110 114 Pb 36.14 38.54 36.51 35.89 41.02 Y 19.5 20.4 25.2 24.1 24.4 Th 27.72 29.39 35.21 34.22 35.61 Zr 140 139 156 145 165 U 5.50 7.00 11.49 9.02 9.16 Nb 18.7 19.6 23.2 23.1 23.7 Ti 2556 2112 2472 2460 2124 Ba 426 451 350 340 399 Mg# 0.31 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.31 La 42.4 46.3 52.9 52.0 53.4 TZr(℃) 736 731 748 739 751
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