Petrogenesis and Deep Dynamic Processes of Early Permian Alkaline Lamprophyres in Tarim Large Igneous Province, NW China
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摘要: 二叠纪塔里木大火成岩省以岩浆活动持续时间长、岩石类型复杂、巨量富铁碱性玄武岩为特征而区别于世界上其他以拉斑玄武岩为主体的大火成岩省，关于其地幔源区组分特征和成因仍然存在争议.选择塔里木大火成岩省西北缘瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩岩脉为研究对象，通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年厘定这些碱性煌斑岩岩浆活动时间，并利用全岩主微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb-Mg同位素以及单矿物成分分析，揭示其成因和塔里木大火成岩省形成的深部地球动力学过程.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果限定了瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩侵位年龄为279±1 Ma，属于塔里木大火成岩省第二期岩浆活动的产物.这些煌斑岩呈典型斑状全自形结构，斑晶矿物有橄榄石、单斜辉石、角闪石和黑云母，基质主要由斜长石、单斜辉石、角闪石、黑云母和钛磁铁矿等微晶组成.瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩具有低SiO2（43.5%~49.4%），高Fe2O3t（9.32%~15.50%）、TiO2（2.28%~4.58%），Mg#值在43.6~52.9，富集地幔相容元素（Ni、Cr）的特征，同时高Na2O（2.58%~5.50%）和低K2O/Na2O比值（0.31~0.78）则反映了钠质岩石的属性.在微量元素上富集轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素和高场强元素，具有弱的Nb-Ta正异常以及K、Sr、Ti、Zr-Hf负异常. 它们的（87Sr/86Sr）i变化于0.704 36~0.705 34之间，εNd（t）值变化于-1.88~+1.10之间，（206Pb/204Pb）i值为17.19~17.89.其元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学特征与常见的OIB型碱性玄武岩相似，但却具有比正常玄武岩更轻的Mg同位素组成（δ26Mg=-0.78‰~-0.57‰）.瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩的原始岩浆应是含碳酸盐化榴辉岩的地幔柱低程度部分熔融的产物，并且部分发生了地幔柱‒岩石圈地幔相互作用.地幔柱‒俯冲蚀变洋壳相互作用是控制塔里木大火成岩省复杂岩石组合的关键因素.Abstract: The Tarim Large Igneous Province is characterized by long duration of magmatism, complex rock types and wide distribution of iron-rich alkaline basalts, although the source and petrogenesis of magmatism associated with it remain disputed. Here we chose the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres in the northwestern margin of the Tarim Large Igneous Province to precisely determine their emplacement ages, constrain its petrogenesis and discuss the deep dynamic processes involved in the formation of the Tarim Large Igneous Province using LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, mineral and whole-rock geochemistry. Zircon U-Pb geochronology indicates that the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres formed at 279±1 Ma, belonging to the second phase of Tarim Large Igneous Province magmatism. The lamprophyre is characterized by a panidiomorphic-porphyritic texture imparted by olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole and biotite set in a groundmass of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite and titanomagnetite microcrysts. These rocks have low SiO2 (43.5%-49.4%), high Fe2O3t (9.32%-15.50%), high TiO2 (2.28%-4.58%), and Mg# numbers of 43.6-52.9, and are enriched in mantle compatible elements (Ni, Cr). Meanwhile, they also show high Na2O (2.58%-5.50%) and low K2O/Na2O ratios (0.31-0.78), highlighting their sodic characters. Fractionated chondrite normalized REE patterns indicates involvement of an enriched mantle source from within the garnet stability field whereas slightly negative K, Sr, Ti and Zr-Hf anomalies displayed on the primitive mantle normalized multi-element spidergram highlight involvement of a subducted component in the mantle source. Bulk-rock (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.704 36-0.705 34), εNd(t)(-1.88-+1.10) and (206Pb/204Pb)i (17.19-17.89) of the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres indicate derivation from a slightly depleted mantle source similar to that of asthenospheric magmas such as OIB. Notably, the δ26Mg values of the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres are typically lighter than those of the normal mantle source. The primitive magmas of the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres are likely derived from low degrees melting of carbonated eclogite bearing mantle plume, and possibly affected by the plume-lithosphere interaction. Ultimately, our study suggests that plume-subducted altered oceanic slab interaction could make important contributions to the genesis of the Tarim Large Igneous Province.
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图 1 （a）塔里木大火成岩省地理位置分布（据Cheng et al., 2018）；（b）塔里木大火成岩省主要岩浆岩分布简图(据Xu et al., 2014)
Fig. 1. (a)Distribution of the Tarim Large Igneous Province(modified from Cheng et al., 2018); (b)Schematic map showing the distribution of major magmatic rocks in the Tarim Large Igneous Province (modified from Xu et al., 2014)
图 2 瓦吉里塔格杂岩体地质图及采样位置（据Kong et al., 2022）
Fig. 2. Geological map of the Wajilitag igneous complex and sample locations in this study(modified from Kong et al., 2022)
图 3 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩野外和显微镜下照片
a.碱性煌斑岩呈脉状侵入正长斑岩和碱玄玢岩中；b.碱性煌斑岩中出现正长岩包体；c.碱性煌斑岩中橄榄石、单斜辉石和黑云母斑晶以及岩浆成因方解石（样品BC-32，正交偏光）；d.基质中产出大量的细粒角闪石、黑云母、斜长石和钛磁铁矿（样品BC-4，正交偏光）；e.碱性煌斑岩中角闪石斑晶集合体以及分布在角闪石粒间的磷灰石和斜长石（样品WJL-20，正交偏光）；f.围绕单斜辉石斑晶的角闪石反应边（样品BC-3，正交偏光）. Ol.橄榄石；Cpx.单斜辉石；Amp.角闪石；Bt.黑云母；Pl.长石；Ap.磷灰石；Tmt.钛磁铁矿；Cc.方解石
Fig. 3. Field and microscope photographs of the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyre
图 4 （a）代表性锆石CL图像；（b）LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和年龄图
白色圆圈和数字分别代表分析点位和对应的分析结果
Fig. 4. (a) Representative CL images of zircons; (b) LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordia age plot
图 5 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩的矿物成分分类图解
a.辉石Wo-En-Fs分类图（Morimoto，1988）；b.辉石Ti（apfu）vs. Ca+Na（apfu）图解（Leterrier et al.，1982）；c.角闪石Mg# vs. Si（apfu）分类图（Leake et al.，1997）；d.角闪石CaO/Na2O vs. Al2O3/TiO2图解（Stoppa et al.，2014）；e.云母分类图（Stoppa et al.，2014）；f.云母Al2O3（%）vs. Mg#图解（Rock，1991）；g.斜长石An-Ab-Or分类图（煌斑岩数据王璐（2014）和刘秉翔（2018），玄武岩数据厉子龙等（2008），南Tuscany碱性煌斑岩数据引自Stoppa et al.（2014））
Fig. 5. Classification diagrams for the mineral compositions from the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyre
图 6 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩全岩组分分类三角图
底图据Rock（1987）；煌斑岩数据王璐（2014）和刘秉翔（2018）
Fig. 6. SiO2/10-CaO-4TiO2 ternary diagram for Wajilitage alkaline lamprophyre
图 8 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩稀土元素配分（a）和微量元素原始地幔标准化（b）图解
球粒陨石、原始地幔和洋岛玄武岩值据Sun and McDonough（1989），煌斑岩数据王璐（2014），碱玄玢岩数据引自Kong et al.（2022），响岩数据引自Wei et al.（2021），霞石岩数据引自Cheng et al.（2015）
Fig. 8. (a) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and (b) primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams for the Wajilitage alkaline lamprophyres
图 9 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成图解
DM、MORB、OIB、BSE、EMI和EMII端元引自Zindler and Hart（1986），FOZO端元以Atiu和Mauke洋岛玄武岩代表，数据引自Nakamura and Tatsumoto（1988），瓦吉里塔格方解霞黄煌岩、霞石岩、层状岩体、普昌层状岩体、塔里木大火成岩省溢流玄武岩、晚太古代和早元古代基底数据引自Cheng et al.（2015），煌斑岩数据王璐（2014）和刘秉翔（2018），响岩数据引自Wei et al.（2021），碱玄玢岩数据引自Kong et al.（2022）；在Pb-Pb同位素图解上，塔里木和峨眉山玄武岩以及碱玄玢岩数据引自Wei et al.（2014）
Fig. 9. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres
图 10 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩Mg同位素组成
Fig. 10. Mg isotopic compositions of the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres
图 11 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩中流体活动性元素与非流体活动性元素（Zr）关系
虚线代表瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩数据的回归分析曲线，图例符号同图 7
Fig. 11. Bivariate trace element plots to determine the extent of correlation of various mobile and immobile trace elements (Zr) for the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres
图 12 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩δ26Mg vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i图解
霞石岩、碳酸岩数据引自Cheng et al.（2018）；碱玄玢岩数据引自Kong et al.（2022）；响岩数据引自Wei et al.（2021）
Fig. 12. δ26Mg vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i of the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres
图 14 瓦吉里塔格碱性煌斑岩（a）Nb/La vs. La/Yb、（b）La/Ba vs. La/Nb、（c）Nb/U vs. Nb、（d）Th/Yb vs. Ta/Yb、（e）Th/Nb vs. TiO2/Yb、（f）Dy/Dy* vs. Dy/Yb图解
图a~d据Pandey et al.，（2018）；图e据Pearce et al.，（2021）；图f据Davidson et al.，（2013）. CAB.大陆弧玄武岩；IAB.岛弧玄武岩；OPB.洋岛高原玄武岩；BABB.弧后盆地玄武岩；FAB.弧前盆地玄武岩；Alk.碱性玄武岩
Fig. 14. Plots of (a) Nb/La vs. La/Yb, (b) La/Ba vs. La/Nb, (c) Nb/U vs. Nb, (d) Th/Yb vs. Ta/Yb, (e) Th/Nb vs. TiO2/Yb, (f) Dy/Dy* vs. Dy/Yb for the Wajilitag alkaline lamprophyres
图 15 地幔橄榄岩源区‒非地幔橄榄岩源区判别图解
据Herzberg（2011）和Yang and Zhou（2013）
Fig. 15. Discriminant diagram of mantle peridotite source region-non-mantle peridotite source region
图 17 塔里木大火成岩省形成的深部动力学过程示意图
a. ~290 Ma地幔柱‒岩石圈相互作用的影响下岩石圈地幔大规模熔融产生巨量的两类玄武岩（Group 1和Group 2）；b. ~270~280 Ma，随着地幔柱‒岩石圈相互作用的持续进行上覆的岩石圈也随之发生显著减薄，含碳酸盐化榴辉岩组分的地幔柱自身也在不同深部开始发生减压熔融，产生的熔体在向上迁移至岩石圈时可能加热并交代岩石圈地幔，最终产生碱性煌斑岩
Fig. 17. Schematic cartoon model showing the formation of the Tarim Large Igneous Province
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