Spatial-Temporal Activity of Quaternary Faults at Southern End of Nyalam-Coqen Rift, Southern Tibet
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摘要: 全面认识藏南裂谷近南北向正断层活动的时空特征及其差异性是深入理解其成因机制的关键.通过遥感解译、构造地貌分析、地表调查和无人机测量等方法，结合已有的年代学资料，对藏南聂拉木-措勤裂谷南段主要近南北向地堑及其边界正断层的第四纪活动和时空差异性进行了研究.结果表明，研究区第四纪正断层活动存在明显的时空差异性.在时间上，主要近南北向正断层的活动性存在前第四纪、早-中更新世和晚第四纪3个不同的期次.在空间上，近南北向地堑断陷范围自中新世晚期以来发生了明显萎缩，其活动范围自聂拉木一带逐渐萎缩至佩枯错和穆林错-错戳龙一带.另外，分析藏南裂谷的成因机制需考虑各裂谷近南北向正断层作用的时空差异性和特征.Abstract: A comprehensive understanding of the spatial and temporal differences in the activity of north-south trending normal faults is important to understand the formation of the southern Tibet Rifts. Here, we use the interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images, structural geomorphology, ground survey, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UVA) systems for photogrammetric surveys, and published chronological data to investigate the Quaternary activities and spatial and temporal differences of the main north-south graben and its boundary normal faults at the southern end of the Nyalam-Coqen rift. It is found that the Quaternary activity of normal faults at the southern end of the Nyalam-Coqen rift show obvious spatial and temporal differences. In time, activity of normal faults at the southern end of the Nyalam-Coqen rift presents three periods of pre-Quaternary, Early and Middle Pleistocene, and Late Quaternary. In space, the rifting range of the near north-south grabens has shrunk significantly since the Late Miocene, and its rifting range gradually has shrunk from Nyalam area to Peiku Co and Mulin Co, and Drolung. In addition, the spatial and temporal differences and characteristics of the north-south normal faulting in each rift should be considered to analyze the formation mechanism of the southern Tibet rifts.
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图 1 藏南主要活动断裂及研究区位置
a. 藏南主要活动断裂、裂谷及地震（M≥5）分布，底图为30 m分辨率的数字高程模型（下载自EARTHDATA），左下角青藏高原断裂格局修改自Tapponnier et al.（2001）；裂谷展布根据遥感解译、野外调查并综合Armijo et al.（1986）、Wu et al.（2011）和哈广浩（2019）的结果绘制；COR.错那‒沃卡裂谷，YGR.亚东‒谷露裂谷，DXR.定结‒申扎裂谷，GTR.岗嘎‒当惹雍错裂谷，NCR.聂拉木‒措勤裂谷，ZTR.仲巴‒塔若错裂谷，JGR.江曲藏布‒改则裂谷，BWR.普兰‒文布当桑裂谷；GCR.格仁错断裂，BCR.崩错断裂，KF.喀喇昆仑断裂，JF.嘉黎断裂，MFT.主前锋逆冲断裂；b. 跨越藏南裂谷的横切剖面，地震数据为1900年以来的仪器地震记录，地震数据范围为剖面线两侧各140 km区域内；c. 聂拉木‒措勤裂谷，①聂拉木地堑，②吉隆盆地，③穆林错‒错戳龙地堑，④打加错地堑，⑤惩香错地堑，⑥帕如错地堑，⑦扎日南木错地堑；d. 研究区主要活断层及区域地质概图，地层根据1：250 000吉隆县幅（H45C004001）、聂拉木县幅（H45C004002）、萨嘎县幅（H45C003001）和桑桑区幅（H45C003002）地质图（下载自https://geocloud.cgs.gov.cn）改编，底图为12.5 m分辨率的数字高程模型（下载自EARTHDATA），F1.欧热断裂，F2.云多断裂，F3.柯亚东断裂，F4.柯亚西断裂，F5.浪强错断裂，F6.云多西断裂，F7.扎青断裂，F8.寺龙断裂，F9.佩枯错东缘断裂，F10.罗布断裂，F11.岗彭庆断裂，F12.佩枯错西缘断裂，F13.唐果断裂，F14.穆林错东缘断裂，F15.穆林错西缘断裂，F16.错戳龙断裂，F17.吉隆断裂，F18.吉隆西断裂
Fig. 1. Active faults in the southern Tibet and the location of study area
图 2 跨越聂拉木‒措勤裂谷南段的横切剖面
Q.第四系，N.新近系，J.侏罗系，T.三叠系，D.泥盆系，O.奥陶系，ηγ.花岗岩
Fig. 2. Transverse section across the southern end of the Nyalam-Coqen rift
图 3 岗彭庆断裂断错地貌特征
a、b. 佩枯错西岸山前处该断裂错断洪积扇T3，数据“1~3”（14C）引自Wünnemann et al.（2015）；c~e. 佩枯错西岸山前处由小型无人机（UVA）摄影测量获取的30 cm分辨率的数字高程影像和跨断层和洪积扇体的剖面；f ~g. 佩枯错西南岸山前处该断裂错断山前洪积扇面（T3）；h、i. 佩枯错南拉曲一带该断裂错动晚更新世晚期冰川侧碛，10Be暴露年龄数据（花岗岩漂砾、宇宙核素暴露年龄）引自刘耕年等（2011）；j. 郭强错一带该断裂错动基岩形成断层三角面
Fig. 3. Displaced geomorphic surfaces along the Gangpengqing Fault
图 4 浪强错断裂和佩枯错东缘断裂断错地貌特征
a. 浪强错断裂；b. 佩枯错东缘断裂南段；c. 佩枯错东缘断裂北段，Qhpal. 全新世冲洪积物，ηγE2.花岗岩
Fig. 4. Displaced geomorphic surfaces along the Langqiang Co Fault and eastern marginal Fault of Peiku Co
图 5 柯亚东断裂和唐果断裂断错地貌特征
a. 柯亚东断裂遥感影像特征；b. 唐果断裂遥感影像特征
Fig. 5. Displaced geomorphic surfaces along the eastern Fault of Keya and Tangguo Fault
图 6 穆林错东缘断裂断错地貌特征
a. 穆林错东缘断裂南段遥感影像特征；b. 穆林错东缘断裂南段断错地貌
Fig. 6. Displaced geomorphic surfaces along the eastern marginal Fault of Mulin Co
图 7 穆林错西缘断裂断错地貌特征
a.穆林错西缘断裂沿穆林错西山前展布；b~d.穆林错西缘断裂南段遥感影像特征及错断山前洪积台地形成的断层陡坎地貌；e.穆林错西缘断裂南段断错地貌
Fig. 7. Displaced geomorphic surfaces along the western marginal Fault of Mulin Co
图 8 错戳龙断裂断错地貌特征
a、b.错戳龙断裂南段遥感影像特征及跨断层典型剖面，Qhedl. 全新世残坡积物，Qhpal.全新世冲洪积物，J3w. 维美组（板岩、页岩与石英砂岩互层）；c.错戳龙断裂北段遥感影像特征
Fig. 8. Displaced geomorphic surfaces along the Drolung Fault
图 9 吉隆断裂和吉隆西断裂断错地貌特征
a. 断层下盘德日荣组（T3 d）顶部灰岩发生牵引变形；b. 德日荣组（T3 d）顶部灰岩中发育的透镜状断层带角砾岩；c. 吉隆断裂为同沉积正断层，控制沃马组（N2w）沉积，Qp1‒3al. 更新世洪积物；Qhal. 全新世冲积物；Qhpl. 全新世洪积物；d. 吉隆西断裂遥感影像特征
Fig. 9. Displaced geomorphic surfaces along the Gyirong Fault
图 10 聂拉木‒措勤裂谷南段断裂第四纪活动特征
图中黑色竖直线和灰色阴影代表断裂最新活动时间的范围，虚线代表断裂长度；F1.欧热断裂，F2.云多断裂，F3.柯亚东断裂，F4.柯亚西断裂，F5.浪强错断裂，F6.云多西断裂，F7.扎青断裂，F8.寺龙断裂，F9.佩枯错东缘断裂，F10.罗布断裂，F11.岗彭庆断裂，F12.佩枯错西缘断裂，F13.唐果断裂，F14.穆林错东缘断裂，F15.穆林错西缘断裂，F16.错戳龙断裂，F17.吉隆断裂，F18.吉隆西断裂
Fig. 10. Quaternary activity of the normal faults at the southern end of the Nyalam-Coqen rift, southern Tibet
图 11 聂拉木‒措勤裂谷南段构造变形模式和藏南裂谷主要断裂的晚第四纪垂直滑动速率
a~c. 聂拉木‒措勤裂谷南段构造变形模式，F1.欧热断裂，F3.柯亚东断裂，F4.柯亚西断裂，F5.浪强错断裂，F8.寺龙断裂，F11.岗彭庆断裂，F12.佩枯错西缘断裂，F17.吉隆断裂，F18.吉隆西断裂；d. 藏南裂谷主要断裂晚第四纪垂直活动速率（mm/a），如红色字体标注；“数据1”引自吴中海等（2015）；“数据2”引自吴中海等（2006）；“数据3”引自Kali et al.（2010）；“数据4”引自吴中海等（2008）；“数据5”引自Chevalier et al.（2020）；“数据6”引自哈广浩（2019）；“数据7”引自左嘉梦（2021）；“数据8”引自Wang et al.（2020）；“数据9”引自田婷婷（2021）；“数据10”为本文数据
Fig. 11. Structural deformation model of the southern end of the Nyalam-Coqen rift and the Late Quaternary throw rates of major faults of southern Tibet rifts
表 1 聂拉木‒措勤裂谷南段正断层属性
Table 1. Attribute of normal faults at the southern end of the Nyalam-Coqen rift
所属地堑/盆地 断层名称 编号 断层产状 最新活
动时间断层
性质断层长度(km) 断裂主要活动证据 走向 倾向 倾角 佩枯错地堑 欧热断裂 F1 近南北向 西 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 41 未错动中更新世洪积台地和晚第四纪洪积扇体 云多东断裂 F2 近南北向 南西西 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 39 未错动中更新世洪积台地和晚第四纪洪积扇体 柯亚东断裂 F3 近南北向 东 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 26 未错动中更新世洪积台地和晚第四纪洪积扇体 柯亚西推测断裂 F4 近南北向 西 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 16 未错动中更新世洪积台地和晚第四纪洪积扇体 浪强错断裂 F5 近南北向 东 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 18 未错动距今24.8 ka前形成的湖相沉积，也未错动全新世的浪强错湖湘沉积 云多西断裂 F6 近南北向 西 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 15 未错动晚第四纪洪积扇体 扎青断裂 F7 近南北向 东 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 6 未错动中更新世洪积台地和晚第四纪洪积扇体 寺龙断裂 F8 近南北向 西 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 9 未错动晚第四纪洪积扇体 佩枯错东缘断裂 F9 近南北向 西 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 50 错动古近纪花岗岩形成断层三角面，未错动晚更新世形成的洪积扇体和全新世洪积扇体 罗布断裂 F10 近南北向 西 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 11 未错动晚第四纪洪积扇体 岗彭庆断裂 F11 近南北向 东 60°~70° 晚更新世末期或全新世 正断层 75 错动山前洪积扇T3和距今14.8 ka前的冰碛垄，但是未错动现代冰川 佩枯错西缘断裂 F12 近南北向 北东 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 14 未错动晚第四纪洪积扇体 唐果断裂 F13 近南北向 北东东 60°~70° 晚更新世 正断层 20 错动晚更新世早期残坡积物，但未错动全新世洪积扇体和现代冲沟 穆林错‒错戳龙地堑 穆林错东缘断裂 F14 近南北向 北西西 60°~70° 早‒中更新世 正断层 40 未错动晚第四纪洪积扇体 穆林错西缘断裂 F15 近南北向 东 60°~70° 晚更新世 正断层 22 错动山前基岩和晚更新世前的洪积台地，但未错动全新世洪积扇体 错戳龙断裂 F16 近南北向 东 60°~70° 晚更新世 正断层 18 错动山前基岩（维美组(J3w)）和早‒中更新世残坡积物，但未错动山前全新世洪积扇体 吉隆盆地 吉隆断裂 F17 近南北向 西 60°~70° 前第四纪 正断层 35 与沃马组（10~1.7 Ma）为同沉积断层，该断裂在沃马组沉积结束前其活动性已趋于停止 吉隆西断裂 F18 近南北向 东 60°~70° 前第四纪 正断层 38 错动山前基岩，但未错动全新世冲积物和早‒晚更新世冲积物 
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表 2 藏南近南北向裂谷属性
Table 2. Attribute of the north-south trending rifts, southern Tibet
裂谷名称 走向(°) 长度(km) 正断层晚第四纪垂直滑动速率(mm/a) 最新活动时间 错那‒沃卡裂谷（COR） 10 260 1.2~1.5 全新世 亚东‒谷露裂谷（YGR） 30 490 0.8~1.5 全新世 定结‒申扎裂谷（DXR） 20 340 0.3~2.0 全新世 岗嘎‒当惹雍错裂谷（GTR） 0 390 / / 聂拉木‒措勤裂谷（NCR） 350 300 ~0.5（本文） 晚更新世末期或全新世 仲巴‒塔若错裂谷（ZTR） 20 310 / / 江曲藏布‒改则裂谷（JGR） 20 230 / / 普兰‒文布当桑裂谷（BWR） 0 110 / /
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