Constraints of Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment on Organic Matter Enrichment in Lishui Sag, East China Sea Basin: Evidence from Element Geochemistry of Paleocene Mudstones
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摘要: 为明晰东海盆地丽水凹陷古新统月桂峰组、灵峰组、明月峰组烃源岩的生烃潜力，基于24个泥岩样品主量和微量元素地球化学研究，剖析了古气候和古环境变化过程及其对有机质富集的影响.结果表明，丽水凹陷古新统沉积物相对贫碎屑组分、富自生组分，且主量和微量元素变化未受到成岩蚀变的影响.根据特征元素参数的垂向变化趋势，认为丽水凹陷古新世月桂峰组→灵峰组→明月峰组沉积时期，古气候经历了温湿→干旱→温湿、水体古盐度经历了半咸水→咸水→淡水、水体古深度经历了较深水→较浅水→浅水、水体还原程度经历了弱还原‒还原→氧化→弱氧化‒氧化的变化过程.古气候和古环境协同变化控制着沉积物有机质生产和保存/降解，是月桂峰组、灵峰组、明月峰组泥岩有机质富集程度存在差异性的主要原因.月桂峰组泥岩形成于温湿气候下的半深湖‒深湖环境，水体生产力高，大量藻类和高等植物有机质在分层的贫氧水体介质中得以保存，导致有机质丰度较高.灵峰组泥岩形成于干旱气候下的滨浅海环境，水体生产力低，高盐度且富氧水体介质不利于藻类生存与保存，导致有机质丰度较低.明月峰组煤系泥岩形成于温湿气候下的海陆过渡环境，地表植被发育，地势平坦适宜大量高等植物有机质堆积，形成煤岩与泥岩互层分布.丽水凹陷油气勘探应围绕有机质丰度高且生烃能力强的月桂峰组生烃中心选择有效构造或岩性圈闭进行钻探.Abstract: In order to fully understand the hydrocarbon generation potential of the Paleocene Yueguifeng, Lingfeng and Mingyuefeng formations in the Lishui Sag, East China Sea Basin, variations in paleoclimate and paleoenvironment and their influence on organic matter enrichment are investigated through analyzing major and trace elements. Results show that the Paleocene sediments are low in terrigenous detrital components and rich in authigenic components, where major and trace elements did not experience diagenetic alteration. Multiple geochemical proxies suggest that paleoclimate during the Yueguifeng, Lingfeng and Mingyuefeng formations depositional periods was humidity, drought and humidity, respectively, while corresponding paleo-salinity was brackish water, saline water and fresh water, and paleowater depth was relatively deep water, relatively shallow water and shallow water, respectively. Water column evolved from reducing condition to oxidizing condition, and then to weak oxidizing-oxidizing condition, respectively. Organic matter productivity and preservation/degradation controlled by co-variations of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment accounted for the difference in organic matter enrichment of the Yueguifeng, Lingfeng and Mingyuefeng formations mudstones. The Yueguifeng Formation mudstone was deposited in semi-deep to deep lake environment with high productivity under warm-humid climate. Considerable planktonic algae were efficiently preserved at a stratified and dysoxic water column, resulting in high organic matter abundance. The Lingfeng Formation mudstone was developed at oxygen-enriched shallow marine environment under arid climate, which was not conducive to the reproduction and preservation of planktonic algae, giving rise to low organic matter abundance. The Mingyuefeng Formation coal-bearing mudstone was deposited in marine-continental transitional environment with low productivity under warm-humid climate, where flat terrain and considerable higher plants contributed to the development of alternated beds of coal and mudstone. The future oil and gas exploration in the Lishui Sag should focus on hydrocarbon generation center of the Yueguifeng Formation with high organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation capacity, and select effective structural or lithologic traps.
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Key words:
- major element /
- trace element /
- paleoclimate /
- paleoenvironment /
- organic matter enrichment /
- Lishui Sag /
- petroleum geology
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图 3 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩主量和微量元素富集因子
Fig. 3. Enrichment factor of major and trace elements for the Paleocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
图 4 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩Al-Fe-Mn三角图(改自Adachi et al., 1986)
Fig. 4. Al-Fe-Mn diagram of the Paleocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
图 5 B井古新统泥岩微量元素比值纵向分布
TOC含量和藻类含量数据收集于中海石油上海分公司；部分特征元素比值数据(空心圆)收集于姜亮等(2004)
Fig. 5. Vertical distribution of trace element ratios for the Palaeocene mudstones in Well B
图 6 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩SiO2-Al2O3判别图(改自Cullers, 2000)
Fig. 6. SiO2-Al2O3 discriminant diagram of the Paleocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
图 7 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩TOC值与CIA、Ti/Sr、Rb/Sr、Sr/Cu值关系
部分月桂峰组CIA数据收集于姜亮等(2004)
Fig. 7. Relationship between TOC and CIA, Ti/Sr, Rb/Sr, Sr/Cu of the Palaeocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
图 8 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩TOC值与生源Ba浓度关系
Fig. 8. Relationship between TOC and biogenic Ba concentration of the Palaeocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
图 9 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩B/Ga值与Sr/Ba值关系
Fig. 9. Relationship between B/Ga and Sr/Ba of the Palaeocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
图 10 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩TOC值与V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr值关系
部分月桂峰组V/(V+Ni)数据收集于姜亮等(2004)
Fig. 10. Relationship between TOC and V/(V+Ni), V/Cr of the Paleocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
图 11 丽水凹陷月桂峰组(a)、灵峰组(b)和明月峰组(c)烃源岩发育模式
Fig. 11. Development model of source rock for the Yueguifeng (a), Lingfeng (b) and Mingyuefeng (c) Formations in the Lishui Sag
表 1 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩主量元素含量及相关参数
Table 1. Major element concentrations and related parameters for the Paleocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
样品编号 深度(m) 层位 岩性 TOC(%) 主量元素含量(%) CIA SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 TFe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O 1 2 512 E1m 灰色泥岩 0.82 68.05 0.82 16.87 3.54 0.79 0.37 1.51 2.91 73 2 2 549 E1m 灰色泥岩 1.49 64.48 0.78 17.05 4.64 1.44 0.87 1.80 3.41 67 3 2 810 E1m 灰色泥岩 1.28 64.74 0.81 16.92 5.25 1.42 0.69 1.78 3.06 69 4 2 841 E1m 灰色泥岩 0.98 60.59 0.85 17.97 6.50 1.56 1.54 1.64 2.81 75 5 2 880 E1m 灰色泥岩 1.04 61.73 0.80 17.51 6.28 1.52 1.86 1.41 2.87 73 6 2 919 E1m 灰色泥岩 0.85 62.31 0.71 16.71 5.01 1.33 2.66 1.68 3.11 65 7 2 965 E1m 灰色泥岩 0.84 63.73 0.69 16.98 4.90 1.34 2.07 1.43 3.30 67 8 2 980 E1m 灰色泥岩 0.76 65.94 0.57 14.34 4.00 1.29 2.92 1.26 3.18 65 9 3 000 E1m 灰色泥岩 0.66 69.83 0.61 14.08 4.67 1.36 3.02 0.91 2.61 71 10 3 039 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.51 61.12 0.60 13.11 4.84 1.53 5.49 1.82 2.73 59 11 3 081 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.58 64.47 0.53 11.46 3.54 1.15 6.63 1.22 2.25 64 12 3 114 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.54 57.40 0.43 9.85 3.24 1.26 12.50 1.15 1.97 62 13 3 156 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.57 57.31 0.41 10.48 3.26 1.31 12.18 1.35 2.31 60 14 3 201 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.94 56.94 0.46 11.33 3.52 1.31 10.61 1.61 2.57 58 15 3 237 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.80 59.43 0.42 10.12 3.27 1.22 10.72 1.26 2.16 61 16 3 279 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.62 60.41 0.44 9.57 3.41 1.28 10.01 1.43 1.99 58 17 3 321 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.54 62.38 0.43 9.62 3.23 1.23 9.04 1.37 2.1 59 18 3 357 E1l 灰色泥岩 0.67 61.38 0.41 8.66 3.27 1.33 10.16 1.13 1.84 60 19 3 408 E1l 褐色泥岩 0.66 52.66 0.47 10.16 3.44 1.51 12.97 1.71 2.15 56 20 3 459 E1l 褐色泥岩 1.02 66.05 0.55 12.46 3.44 1.43 4.86 1.44 2.63 62 21 3 507 E1l 褐色泥岩 0.98 66.04 0.50 11.42 3.59 1.48 5.02 1.45 2.59 60 22 3 564 E1y 深灰色泥岩 1.54 61.92 0.80 18.05 6.02 1.53 1.54 1.71 3.43 66 23 3 643 E1y 深灰色泥岩 1.75 63.08 0.91 18.45 5.56 1.42 0.84 1.83 2.71 75 24 3 646 E1y 深灰色泥岩 1.86 60.76 0.80 18.07 6.27 1.44 0.53 2.35 2.62 70 PAAS 62.80 1.00 18.90 7.22 2.20 1.30 1.20 3.70 注：CIA=[Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+K2O+Na2O)]×100%，主量元素氧化物单位为摩尔百分含量；PAAS为后太古宙澳大利亚页岩(Taylor and McLennan, 1985) 
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表 2 丽水凹陷古新统泥岩微量元素含量及相关参数
Table 2. Trace element concentrations and related parameters for the Paleocene mudstones in the Lishui Sag
样品编号 层位 微量元素含量(10‒6) 相关参数 Ba Cr Cu Ga Sr B V Ni Mn Rb Mn/Sr Rb/Sr Ti/Sr Sr/Cu Sr/Ba B/Ga Mn/Fe V/V+Ni V/Cr 1 E1m 612.7 58.0 16.1 20.1 128.9 50.2 93.5 81.6 276.1 117.9 2.14 0.91 38.34 8.01 0.21 2.50 0.011 0.53 1.61 2 E1m 515.8 42.4 14.6 20.0 133.2 53.4 83.6 41.9 273.9 136.2 2.06 1.02 35.05 9.12 0.26 2.67 0.008 0.67 1.91 3 E1m 924.1 47.9 18.0 21.5 119.4 50.5 92.2 93.3 325.3 119.7 2.72 1.00 40.50 6.63 0.13 2.34 0.009 0.49 1.92 4 E1m 860.3 53.4 38.3 21.3 130.5 54.2 103.2 104.5 495.5 93.3 3.80 0.71 38.91 3.41 0.15 2.54 0.011 0.50 1.93 5 E1m 848.1 53.9 23.4 20.9 142.9 51.5 100.9 83.0 540.3 103.7 3.78 0.73 33.76 6.11 0.17 2.46 0.012 0.55 1.87 6 E1m 337.4 44.3 20.4 21.2 140.2 52.1 93.2 101.0 376.8 114.3 2.69 0.82 30.37 6.87 0.42 2.46 0.010 0.48 2.10 7 E1m 416.7 42.1 16.9 21.2 152.9 51.6 94.0 49.8 448.6 126.8 2.93 0.82 27.15 9.04 0.36 2.43 0.013 0.70 2.23 8 E1m 492.0 36.2 17.6 18.4 167.8 47.5 75.5 41.2 316.0 130.9 1.88 0.78 20.44 9.53 0.34 2.58 0.011 0.64 2.08 9 E1m 378.5 44.7 21.1 17.5 153.2 40.6 72.9 40.3 347.3 102.4 2.27 0.67 23.74 7.26 0.40 2.32 0.010 0.64 1.63 10 E1l 428.7 52.0 28.4 17.6 252.1 46.0 72.1 69.9 247.0 103.7 0.98 0.41 14.35 8.88 0.59 2.61 0.007 0.51 1.39 11 E1l 258.4 34.2 14.8 14.8 264.9 39.9 60.4 40.9 287.2 83.4 1.08 0.31 11.94 17.90 1.03 2.70 0.011 0.60 1.77 12 E1l 356.1 34.7 15.7 12.7 405.8 34.9 56.2 32.6 468.4 75.2 1.15 0.19 6.40 25.85 1.14 2.75 0.020 0.63 1.62 13 E1l 333.4 31.3 19.6 13.7 429.1 35.7 55.1 32.2 374.3 91.7 0.87 0.21 5.80 21.89 1.29 2.61 0.016 0.63 1.76 14 E1l 256.1 34.1 20.4 14.8 447.9 40.5 61.2 36.0 248.6 105.1 0.56 0.23 6.13 21.96 1.75 2.74 0.010 0.63 1.79 15 E1l 309.8 37.6 18.5 14.0 440.1 36.3 53.9 31.5 292.6 85.7 0.66 0.19 5.67 23.79 1.42 2.59 0.012 0.63 1.43 16 E1l 380.8 40.4 20.9 13.0 478.2 37.0 56.7 42.6 261.3 75.2 0.55 0.16 5.52 22.88 1.26 2.85 0.011 0.57 1.40 17 E1l 329.8 34.4 20.1 13.8 427.6 37.1 57.0 29.7 290.0 74.7 0.68 0.17 6.07 21.27 1.30 2.69 0.013 0.66 1.66 18 E1l 205.3 35.2 19.9 12.1 428.4 35.4 53.2 33.7 361.9 67.7 0.84 0.16 5.69 21.53 2.09 2.93 0.016 0.61 1.51 19 E1l 317.5 36.7 18.4 12.8 494.2 39.5 57.3 37.1 363.7 79.4 0.74 0.16 5.65 26.86 1.56 3.09 0.015 0.61 1.56 20 E1l 524.7 35.3 13.1 15.8 229.2 43.3 60.3 29.5 278.8 102.6 1.22 0.45 14.27 17.50 0.44 2.74 0.011 0.67 1.71 21 E1l 314.8 34.6 12.2 15.4 207.1 41.9 58.1 31.6 348.4 105.4 1.68 0.51 14.51 16.98 0.66 2.72 0.014 0.65 1.68 22 E1y 301.2 40.3 21.3 22.0 195.7 54.9 99.9 33.4 7 886.9 122.1 40.3 0.62 24.67 9.19 0.50 2.50 0.187 0.75 2.48 23 E1y 263.1 49.3 21.5 21.1 205.9 51.3 93.9 47.7 2 003.3 97.4 9.94 0.49 26.39 9.57 0.78 2.43 0.051 0.66 1.90 24 E1y 347.6 40.6 20.7 22.5 231.2 59.0 106.5 36.9 2 299.2 108.4 9.73 0.47 21.59 10.69 0.66 2.62 0.052 0.74 2.62
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