Quantitative Characterization of Ultra-Deep Paleo-Oil Reservoirs and Its Indication for Deep Gas Accumulation: A Case Study on the Dengying Formation, the North Slope of Central Sichuan Paleo-Uplift
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摘要: 跨越多个构造期的深层、超深层油气成藏定量表征是地学界的一大难题. 川中地区上震旦统灯影组天然气藏以典型的原油裂解气为主，油气演化经历了古油藏、古气藏直至现今气藏的复杂演化过程；古油藏的定量刻画是恢复其成藏过程的关键和核心. 优选川中古隆起北斜坡上震旦统灯影组气藏为研究对象，以固体沥青为媒介，在岩心观察的基础上，综合“点”（固体沥青图像法定量表征）、“线”（固体沥青多矿物测井反演定量评价）、“面”（固体沥青含量平面分布定量表征）3个维度对固体沥青进行定量刻画，进而定量刻画古油藏并以体积法计算其资源量，以期从成藏角度对斜坡区的天然气勘探潜力评价提供支撑.研究结果表明：（1）灯影组储层固体沥青主要以半充填-充填的状态赋存于孔隙空间中；灯二段固体沥青含量整体要高于灯四段；不论灯二段还是灯四段，上亚段固体沥青含量略高于下亚段；（2）固体沥青纵向和平面分布规律指示，纵向上，油气充注方向多为自上而下；平面上，油气充注主要存在两个方向：自德阳-安岳裂陷槽向台内侧向充注；自北部斜坡区向南、向古隆起高部位侧向充注；（3）北斜坡地区灯影组储层古油藏完成裂解的时间早于大规模区域构造运动，因此可以用现今储层固体沥青的含量及分布来定量刻画古油藏. 古油藏的识别标准为：固体沥青在孔隙空间充填度大于25%且固体沥青含量大于2%；（4）基于斜坡区丘滩体分布，定量刻画了川中古隆起北斜坡地区5个可靠古油藏、4个潜在古油藏，借助体积法评价所得古油藏规模约177.25×108 t，完全裂解可产生原油裂解气约109 893.94×108 m3.Abstract: The quantitative characterization of deep and ultra-deep hydrocarbon accumulation across multiple tectonic periods is one of the major sticking points in geoscience. The Dengying natural gas reservoirs of Upper Sinian in Central Sichuan are dominated by typical oil-cracking gas, and the hydrocarbon evolution has experienced a complex process from paleo-oil-reservoirs, paleo-gas reservoirs to today's gas reservoirs. The quantitative description of paleo-oil-reservoirs is the key and core to restore its hydrocarbon accumulation process. In this paper, the Dengying gas reservoirs of Upper Sinian in the North Slope of the central Sichuan paleo-uplift is selected as the research object, the solid bitumen is taken as the medium, based on core description, the solid bitumen is quantitatively evaluated in three dimensions from "point" (quantitative evaluation of solid bitumen by image-processing method), "line" (quantitative evaluation of solid bitumen by logging interpretation on multi-mineral inversion) to "plane" (quantitatively evaluate the plane distribution of solid bitumen), then quantitatively evaluated the paleo-oil-reservoirs and their resources by volume method, to provide support for the evaluation of natural gas exploration potential in the slope area from the perspective of hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism. The results show that: (1) Solid bitumen in the Dengying Formation mainly exists in the pore space in the state of semi-filling to full-filling. Generally, the solid bitumen content of the second member of the Dengying Formation is higher than that of the fourth member. Also, the solid bitumen content in the upper sub-member is slightly higher than that in the lower sub-member, no matter in the second member or the fourth; (2) The vertical and horizontal distribution of solid bitumen indicate that: in the vertical direction, the oil charging direction is mostly from top to bottom; while on the plane, there are two main directions for oil charging: from Deyang-Anyue rift trough to the inner side of the platform; lateral charging from the northern slope area to south, to the high part of the paleo-uplift; (3) The paleo-oil-reservoirs of Dengying Formation in the North Slope completed cracking earlier than the large-scale regional tectonic movement. Therefore, the content and distribution of solid bitumen in the reservoirs can be used to quantitatively describe the paleo-oil-reservoirs. The identification standard of paleo-oil-reservoirs is: the filling degree of solid bitumen in pore space is greater than 25% and the of solid bitumen content is greater than 2%; (4) Based on the distribution of mound and beach body on the platform-edge in the slope area, this study quantitatively depicted 5 reliable paleo-oil-reservoirs and 4 potential paleo-oil-reservoirs in North Slope of the central Sichuan Uplift. The scale of the paleo-oil-reservoirs obtained by volume method is about 177.25 × 108 t, and a complete cracking can produce oil-cracking gas of about 109 893.94 × 108 m3.
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图 2 川中古隆起北斜坡灯影组岩性及固体沥青充填情况观察
a.蓬探1井，5 773.58~5 773.68 m，灯二上亚段，藻粘结白云岩，溶孔和微裂缝发育，溶孔边缘发育细晶白云石，内部见块状固体沥青半充填；b.蓬探1井，5 730.40~5 730.51 m，灯二上亚段，藻砂屑白云岩，溶孔发育，部分溶孔内见块状固体沥青半充填；c.蓬探103井，5 722.44~5 722.70 m，灯二上亚段，藻粘结白云岩，顺层溶蚀孔洞发育，孔洞内见细晶白云石和少量固体沥青充填；d.蓬深3井，5 750.47~5 750.61 m，灯二下亚段，泥晶-藻凝块白云岩，裂缝和溶孔均有发育，少量溶孔发育，溶孔边缘发育细晶白云石，内部见少量固体沥青充填；e.蓬深4井，6 186.53~6 186.76 m，灯二下亚段，泥晶白云岩，溶洞发育，延伸长度4~5 cm，溶洞内见大量细晶及中晶白云石充填，白云石晶间孔内发育少量固体沥青；f.蓬深1井，7 263.71~7 263.83 m，灯四上亚段，藻凝块白云岩，溶孔和微裂缝发育，部分溶孔内见少量固体沥青充填；g.蓬深1井，7 260.11~7 260.28 m，灯四上亚段，藻凝块云岩，溶孔发育，溶孔中见少量固体沥青充填；h.东坝1井，6 404.95~6 405.08 m，灯四上亚段，藻凝块云岩，溶孔发育，溶孔直径为1~2 cm，溶孔内见块状固体沥青半充填；l.东坝1井，6 408.60~6 408.67 m，灯四上亚段，泥晶白云岩，发育少量裂缝，缝内见细晶白云石充填，未见明显固体沥青充填痕迹
Fig. 2. Observation on lithology and solid bitumen filling-status of Dengying Formation on North Slope of central Sichuan Uplift
图 3 研究区灯影组储层固体沥青镜下特征观察
a.蓬深2井，7 782.24 m，灯二段，泥晶白云岩，溶孔发育，细-中晶白云石沿溶孔边缘生长，溶孔内部块状固体沥青半充填；b.蓬深1井，7 262.41~7 262.54 m，灯二段，藻粘结白云岩，格架孔发育，孔内见块状及丝状固体沥青充填；c.蓬深3井，5 769.90~5 770.01 m，灯二段，溶洞内充填的自形粗晶白云石，白云石晶间孔见块状固体沥青半充填；d.东坝1井，6 410.11 m，灯四段，粉晶白云岩，溶洞发育，溶洞边缘细晶白云石发育，洞内见少量他形石英充填
Fig. 3. Microscopic features of solid bitumen of the Dengying Formation on thin section
图 4 川中古隆起北斜坡灯影组（灯二段、灯四段）全直径岩心孔隙度（a）、渗透率（b）频率分布直方图
Fig. 4. Full-diameter core porosity (a) and permeability (b) frequency distribution histogram of Dengying Formation (the second and fourth members) on the North Slope of central Sichuan Uplift
图 5 图像法固体沥青含量定量评价技术路线图
Fig. 5. The workflow for quantitative evaluation of solid bitumen content by image processing method
图 6 气测孔隙度与图像法残余孔隙度线性拟合图
Fig. 6. Linear regression between gas porosity and residual porosity obtained by image processing.
图 7 蓬探1井灯二段多矿物反演重构曲线特征
Fig. 7. The features of reconstructed logging curves of the second member of Dengying Formation, Pengtan1 well
图 8 研究区灯影组储层固体沥青含量及固体沥青充填度平面分布图
a. 灯二上亚段与灯四上亚段；b. 灯二下亚段与灯四下亚段
Fig. 8. Planar distribution of solid asphalt volume content and solid asphalt filling degree of Dengying Formation reservoir in the study area
图 9 研究区蓬探1井灯影组储层温度（T）与等效镜质体反射率（Ro）随时间（t）变化图
Fig. 9. Variation of reservoir temperature (T) and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) with time (t) in Dengying Formation of Pengtan 1 Well in the the study area
图 10 研究区灯影组古油藏平面分布图
Fig. 10. Plane distribution of Dengying Formation paleo-oil reservoirs in the study area
表 1 图像法固体沥青含量计算结果
Table 1. Results of solid bitumen content obtained by image processing
样品号 整体图像面积(像素点) 固体沥青面积(像素点) 铸体面积(像素点) 总孔隙度(%) 校正总孔隙度(%) 固体沥青孔隙度(%) 残余孔隙度(%) 固体沥青充填度*(%) 校正固体沥青含量(%) DB1-6 409.43 5 002 624 1 135 204 273 014 28.15 10.02 22.69 5.46 80.61 8.08 DB1-6 410.11 5 002 624 653 448 187 381 16.81 7.14 13.06 3.75 77.71 5.55 DB1-6 411.01 5 002 624 515 204 129 158 12.88 6.14 10.30 2.58 79.96 4.91 PS1-7 257.53~7 257.73 6 076 416 28 800 140 947 2.79 3.57 0.47 2.32 16.97 0.61 PS1-7 259.43~7 259.63 6 076 416 29 843 120 472 2.47 3.49 0.49 1.98 19.85 0.69 PS1-7 262.41~7 262.54 6 076 416 547 669 204 369 12.38 6.01 9.01 3.37 72.82 4.38 PS1-7 263.45~7 263.55 6 076 416 230 146 290 735 8.57 5.04 3.79 4.78 44.18 2.23 PS2-7 782.24① 1 392 640 142 311 401 216 39.03 12.79 10.22 28.81 26.18 3.35 PS2-7 782.24② 1 392 640 226 162 95 555 23.10 8.74 16.24 6.86 70.30 6.14 PS2-7 790.43~7 790.52① 1 392 640 12 611 130 639 10.29 5.48 0.91 9.38 8.80 0.48 PS2-7 790.43~7 790.52② 1 392 640 203 001 136 245 24.36 9.06 14.58 9.78 59.84 5.42 PS3-5 769.9~5 770.01① 1 392 640 126 462 102 584 16.45 7.05 9.08 7.37 55.21 3.89 PS3-5 769.9~5 770.01② 1 392 640 5 159 261 077 19.12 7.72 0.37 18.75 1.94 0.15 PT1-5 729.44 1 392 640 356 847 55 012 29.57 10.38 25.62 3.95 86.64 9.00 PT101-5 759.7① 1 392 640 98 781 176 080 19.74 7.88 7.09 12.65 35.94 2.83 PT101-5 759.7② 1 392 640 112 717 70 039 13.12 6.20 8.09 5.03 61.68 3.82 PT102-5 846.88~5 846.93① 1 392 640 583 55 587 613 46.38 14.66 4.19 42.19 9.03 1.32 PT102-5 846.88~5 846.93② 1 392 640 182 280 10 399 13.84 6.38 13.09 0.75 94.60 6.04 ZJ2-6 554.3 1 392 640 177 119 24 425 14.47 6.54 12.72 1.75 87.88 5.75 ZJ2-6 553.56 1 392 640 408 538 197 677 43.53 13.93 29.34 14.19 67.39 9.39 注：*固体沥青充填度：固体沥青占原始孔隙空间（原油未裂解时孔隙空间）的百分比. 
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表 2 灯影组储层固体沥青含量及充填度
Table 2. Solid bitumen content and filling degree of Dengying Formation reservoir
井名 层位 固体沥青含量（90%分位点）（%） 总孔隙度（%） 固体沥青充填度（%） PT1 灯二上亚段 5.07 7.84 64.67 灯二下亚段 2.76 4.90 56.33 PT101 灯二上亚段 4.99 9.96 50.10 灯二下亚段 3.54 8.10 43.70 PT102 灯二上亚段 2.70 5.62 48.04 灯二下亚段 3.29 7.71 42.67 PT103 灯二上亚段 2.59 7.48 34.63 灯二下亚段 1.84 11.53 15.96 ZS101 灯二上亚段 3.23 7.10 45.49 灯二下亚段 2.99 6.53 45.79 PS3 灯二下亚段 3.05 8.57 35.59 DB1 灯四上亚段 2.68 5.55 48.29 灯四下亚段 2.78 5.69 48.86 JT1 灯四上亚段 1.91 6.34 30.13 灯四下亚段 4.36 6.85 63.65
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表 3 灯影组储层古油层累计厚度数据表
Table 3. Accumulated thickness of paleo-oil reservoirs of Dengying Formation reservoir
井位 层位 累计古油层厚度（m） PT1 灯二段 240 PT101 灯二段 173 PT102 灯二段 51 PT103 灯二段 54 ZS101 灯二段 145 PS3 灯二段 30 JT1 灯四段 83 DB1 灯四段 65
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表 4 研究区古油藏规模及原油裂解气含量估算
Table 4. Estimation of the scale of Paleo-oil reservoirs and the content of Oil-cracking gas in the study area
油藏 Ao(km2) H(m) $ \mathit{\varphi } $(%) ρ(t/m3) B Qo(108 t) Qg(108 m3) 备注 PT1-PT101-PT102-PT103 174.49 127 4.27 1.02 2.22 21.38 13 258.40 可靠 ZS101 407.29 145 4.10 1.02 2.22 54.83 33 993.86 可靠 PS3 130.92 30 10.35 1.02 2.22 9.20 5 707.06 可靠 JT1 296.43 83 2.97 1.02 2.22 16.55 10 258.92 可靠 DB1 119.89 65 4.10 1.02 2.22 7.23 4 485.65 可靠 PS1 187.85 74 3.54 1.02 2.22 11.14 6 908.62 潜在 PS2 74.45 74 3.54 1.02 2.22 4.42 2 738.07 潜在 PS4 130.48 101 6.24 1.02 2.22 18.62 11 545.02 潜在 DT1 237.32 101 6.24 1.02 2.22 33.87 20 998.35 潜在 总计 177.25 109 893.94
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