Technical Challenges and Strategy of Geothermal Energy Development from Hot Dry Rock
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摘要: 为推动我国干热岩地热开发取得新突破，形成一批干热岩开发示范区域，支撑国家能源结构调整和“双碳”目标实现，总结归纳了推进干热岩商业化开发的底层技术、关键技术以及前沿和颠覆性技术.根据国内外干热岩勘查、开发利用现状，结合青海共和干热岩试采科技攻坚战实践，将干热岩地热资源评价与选址、干热岩高效低成本钻井技术、干热岩地热利用技术定为底层技术；干热岩体精细勘查与刻画、高效复杂裂隙网络储层建造技术、有效微地震控制技术、裂缝网络连通与储层表征技术定为关键核心技术；井下液体爆炸造缝技术、井下原位高效换热发电技术、CO2等不同工质换热发电技术列为前沿和颠覆性技术.Abstract: In this paper it summarizes the base technologies, key technologies, and game-changing technologies to promote the commercialization of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources. The development of these technologies is very conducive to making new breakthroughs in HDR geothermal development, forming a batch of HDR exploitation demonstration areas, and supporting the adjustment of national energy structure and the realization of the "dual-carbon target" in China. According to the present situation of exploration, development and utilization of HDR at home and abroad, combined with the practice of scientific and technological exploration of HDR in Gonghe basin, the evaluation and site selection, efficient and low-cost drilling and geothermal utilization of HDR geothermal resources are defined as the base technologies. The key technologies include high-resolution exploration and characterization of HDR, efficient and complex fracture network reservoir creation, effective micro-seismic control, fracture network connectivity and reservoir characterization. The game-changing technologies include downhole liquid explosion fracture creation, downhole in-situ efficient heat transfer and power generation, CO2 and other working fluid for high-efficient power generation.
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图 2 美国FORGE场地工程概况
图片引自FORGE网站(
https://utahforge.com/ )Fig. 2. An overview of EGS site at FORGE, USA
图 3 青海共和盆地干热岩示范工程现场(据Xie et al., 2021)
Fig. 3. HDR demonstration project site in the Gonghe basin, Qinghai Province(Xie et al., 2021)
表 1 国内外干热岩开发相关技术发展差距对比
Table 1. Comparison of technological development gap of HDR at home and abroad
技术类型 技术项目 技术发展差距 技术
情况底层技术 干热岩地热资源评价与选址 同步 产业化 干热岩高效低成本钻井 在缩小 产业化 干热岩地热利用 在缩小 产业化 关键核心技术 干热岩场地精细勘查与刻画 在缩小 中试 高效的裂隙网络储层建造 在缩小 中试 有效微地震控制技术 同步 中试 裂缝网络连通-储层表征 同步 中试 前沿颠覆性技术 井下液体爆炸造缝 同步 实验室 井下原位高效换热发电 同步 中试 CO2等不同工质换热发电 同步 实验室 
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表 2 国内干热岩地热能勘查开发领域相关实验室
Table 2. Laboratory related to HDR geothermal energy exploration and development in China
序号 类别 实验室名称 依托单位 1 国家级 油气资源与探测国家重点实验室 中国石油大学(北京) 2 油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室 成都理工大学、西南石油大学 3 岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 4 省部级 自然资源部地热与干热岩勘查开发技术创新中心 中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质研究所 5 地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室 吉林大学 6 地球信息探测仪器教育部重点实验室 吉林大学 7 国家地球物理探测仪器工程技术研究中心 吉林大学 8 地热资源开发技术与装备教育部工程研究中心 吉林大学 9 热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室 清华大学 10 中低温热能高效利用教育部重点实验室 天津大学 11 可再生能源重点实验室 中国科学院广州能源研究所 12 中国石化深部地质与资源重点实验室 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院 13 自然资源部深部地热资源重点实验室 中国地质大学(武汉) 14 深地科学与地热能开发利用重点实验室 深圳大学
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表 3 近5年中国和欧美等国干热岩地热相关科技研发计划项目对比
Table 3. Comparison of HDR geothermal related science and technology R&D projects between China, Europe and America in recent 5 years
科技计划 研发项目名称 资金投入 目标 欧盟Horizon 2020 DEEPEGS
Deployment of DEEP Enhanced Geothermal Systems for sustainable energy business4 400万欧元 研发与示范不同地质条件下地热储层建造技术体系，提升增强型地热系统在欧洲全区可再生能源贡献度 DESCRAMBLE
Drilling in dEep, Super-CRiTical AMBient of continentaL Europe1 560万欧元 研发高温高压(超临界)环境下新型钻井技术 DESTRESS
DEmonstration of Soft stimulation TReatments of geothermal reservoirs2 500万欧元 研发经济可行、环境友好深部地热能开发技术，提升增强型地热系统商业和社会价值 美国能源部FORGE FORGE，
Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy> 2亿美元 形成可复制的增强型地热系统构建技术，包括钻井、储层改造、储层成像等，实现可持续干热岩型地热资源开发 美国能源部EGS Collab EGS Collab project > 900万美元 利用成熟的地下实验设施提高对岩体压裂响应的认识及提供中等规模的实验平台来验证热-水-力-化学(THMC)耦合模拟方法以及新型监测工具，支撑FORGE项目研究 科技部国家重点研发项目 干热岩能量获取及利用关键科学问题研究 1 961万元 全面提升干热岩勘查、储层改造、压裂监测、地热综合利用理论与技术 中国地质调查局 干热岩资源调查与勘查试采示范工程 > 1亿元 建设中国首个干热岩开发示范基地，实现1 MW级发电量 国家自然科学基金重大项目 干热岩地热资源开采机理与方法 1 500万元 创新轴-扭冲击振动破碎高温干热岩方法，探索干热岩柔性压裂造储和高效开采综合调控方法，为我国干热岩地热高效开采提供理论和方法 江苏省矿产资源总体规划(2021—2025年) 江苏省干热岩开发利用 1.79亿元 实施江苏干热岩资源调查评价，摸清江苏干热岩资源潜力，形成适宜江苏的干热岩勘查技术体系 注：表中相关项目具体信息请参见网站 https://utahforge.com/ ；http://www.descramble-h2020.eu/ ；http://www.destress-h2020.eu/en/home/ .
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