Sedimentary Environment and Organic Matter Accumulation of Black Rock Series of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations in Foreland Depression, Western Hunan Province: An Example from Well TD2 in Changde Area
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摘要: 受地层剥蚀和强烈构造活动的影响，对中扬子东南缘前陆坳陷区五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系关注较少，该区黑色岩系沉积特征与有机质富集规律尚不清楚.利用近年来新获取的常德TD2井岩心资料，基于岩石学、沉积学以及地球化学分析，对湘西前陆坳陷区五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系的发育特征、沉积环境及有机质富集机制开展了深入研究.结果表明，湘西前陆坳陷区TD2井五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系厚度较大，TOC > 2%的富有机质页岩厚约21 m，岩性以硅质页岩与碳质页岩为主，基于岩性差异自下而上可划分为四个沉积单元，富有机质页岩主要集中凯迪阶至鲁丹阶下部，而鲁丹阶上部‒埃隆阶下部黑色岩系TOC含量普遍偏低且呈间断发育.综合研究认为，前陆坳陷区五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系的形成主要受构造、海平面以及陆源碎屑供给等因素的综合控制.凯迪晚期‒鲁丹早期，受区域构造挤压和全球海平面上升的影响，湘西地区经历了显著的构造沉降及相对海平面上升等事件，极大地促进了坳陷区强还原条件的形成以及古生产力的提高，使得该时期研究区黑色岩系中的有机质大量富集.然而，随着鲁丹晚期区域构造挤压活动的加剧，研究区由构造沉降向构造隆升转变，持续的构造抬升与风化作用增强，导致了研究区陆源碎屑供给大量增加和相对海平面不断下降，并最终使得研究区富有机质页岩的形成发育在埃隆早期被终结.值得注意的是，埃隆早期的全球冰川型海平面上升在研究区也有响应，促进了龙马溪组黑色页岩的二次发育.据此，提出了湘西前陆坳陷区奥陶‒志留纪之交富有机质页岩的发育模式，以期为该区五峰‒龙马溪组页岩气勘探及奥陶‒志留纪之交重大地质事件沉积响应研究提供参考.Abstract: As the main sediments across the Yangtze area during the Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) transition, the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Longmaxi Formation are widely distributed in the Yangtze Sea, and they are also the main targets for marine shale gas exploration in the South China. However, little attention has been paid to the Wufeng-Longmaxi black rock series in the foreland basin, southeastern Yangtze Block, due to the lack of complete and fresh outcrops caused by intensive erosion and tectonic damage. In this paper, by utilizing the newly obtained drilling cores of the Well TD2 located in the Hunan Province, the sedimentary environment and organic matter accumulation of the Wufeng-Longmaxi black rock series in the foreland basin were investigated based on the systematically petrological and geochemical analysis. The organic-rich shale of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations is dominated by siliceous shale and carbonaceous shale, in which plenty of terrigenous clast and even thin sandstone can be observed. The black shale with TOC > 2% is about 21 m in thickness. Four sedimentary cycles can be recognized from the O-S black series and they exhibit different lithological and geochemical variation characteristics. The organic shale generally developed in the Late Katian to the Early Rhuddanian, while the black rock series developed during the Late Rhuddanian to Early Aeronian have low TOC content and are discontinuous. Based on the analyses of lithology, mineral composition and geochemistry, tectonism, sea-level and terrigenous supply should be the primary controlling factors for the deposition of the O-S black shale in the foreland basin, Yangtze area. During the Late Katian to Early Rhuddanian, the study area experienced significantly tectonic subsidence and sea-level rise caused by regional tectonic compression and global sea-level rise, then strongly reducing conditions were formed and paleoproductivity was improved in the deep-depression area, which promoted the enrichment of organic matter in black rock series during this stage. Nevertheless, with intensifying tectonic collision between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks since Late Rhuddanian, the tectonism in the study area changed from tectonic subsidence to uplift. Persistent tectonic uplift and intensive weathering conditions led to the noticeable increase of terrigenous supply in the foreland depression, as well as gradual sea-level fall, and then, the development of black organic-rich shale in the foreland basin was terminated at the Early Aeronian. It should be noted that during the earliest Aeronian stage, global glacial sea-level rise promotes the development of black shale in the study area again. Finally, a sedimentary model for the O-S black shale in the foreland depression, western Hunan area was proposed. This study is not only beneficial for gaining more geological knowledge about the black shale formation in a marine foreland basin, but also helpful for understanding the sedimentary responses to major geological events occurred in Yangtze area during the O-S transition.
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图 1 扬子地区奥陶‒志留纪之交构造‒沉积古地理(a)与湘西前陆盆地区五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系地层特征(b)
图a修自Chen et al.，2004；图b中全球海平面数据来自Haq and Schutter(2008)，扬子地区海平面来自Cai et al.(2022a)
Fig. 1. The Ordovician-Silurian paleogeography of the Yangtze Block (a) and stratigraphic characteristics (b) of the Wufeng- Longmaxi black shale in the foreland basin located in western Hunan Province
图 2 湘西前陆盆地区TD2井五峰‒龙马溪组地层特征(a、b)与剖面采样位置(c)
Fig. 2. Location of the Well TD2 in West Hunan Province (a, b) and sampling locations of the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shale in Well TD2 (c)
图 3 五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系主要岩石类型及特征图版
a. 黑色硅质页岩，裂缝发育，被方解石充填，1 558.1 m；b. 硅质页岩，见大量陆源碎屑及少量硅质放射虫，1 561.0 m；c. 硅质页岩，发育多期裂缝，硅质充填，1 554.5 m；d. 黑色碳质页岩，见笔石化石，含陆源碎屑，1 566.7 m；e. 灰黑色碳质页岩，笔石具定向排列特征，1 537.7 m；f. 大量陆源碎屑与有机质分散分布，陆源碎屑石英具棱角状，1 524.3 m；g. 灰色粉砂质泥岩夹薄层粉砂岩，可见岩性突变面和波状层理，1 539.6 m；h. 粉砂质泥岩夹黑色碳质纹层与灰白色砂质纹层，1 513.5 m；i. 灰白色粉细砂岩，底部见明显的冲刷侵蚀面，1 508.7 m
Fig. 3. Rock type of the black shale in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations, Well TD2
图 4 TD2井五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系矿物组成特征与沉积序列
Fig. 4. Mineral composition and sedimentary succession of the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shale in Well TD2
图 5 湘西TD2井与鄂西YY2井五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系TOC含量特征
Fig. 5. TOC content of the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shale in Well TD2 (located in the west Hunan Province) and YY2 (located in the west Hubei Province)
图 6 五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系Al2O3含量与TiO2含量(a)、Mo-EF(b)及TOC含量(c)相关性特征
Fig. 6. The cross plots of Al2O3 versus TiO2 (a), Mo-EF (b) and TOC (c) showing their different geochemical behaviors in the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shale
图 7 TD2井五峰龙马溪组黑色岩系地球化学特征
Fig. 7. Chemostratigraphy of the W ufeng-Longmaxi black shale in Well TD2 documenting the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic variations during the Ordovician-Silurian transition
图 8 五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系不同元素富集规律及其与TOC相关性特征
Fig. 8. The cross plots of TOC versus U-EF(a) and Mo-EF(b) and MoEF versus U-EF(c) and Ni-EF(d) show their different enrichment characteristics in the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shale
图 9 五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系TOC与Cu-EF (a)、Ni-EF (b)相关性特征
Fig. 9. The cross plots of TOC versus Cu-EF (a) and Ni-EF (b) in the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shale
图 10 Mo/TOC参数与海洋水体循环性特征
Fig. 10. TOC versus Mo for the black shale in Well TD2 showing the variations of hydrographic restriction of the study area during the Ordovician-Silurian transition
图 11 奥陶‒志留纪之交湘西前陆坳陷区黑色富有机质页岩发育模式
Fig. 11. Sedimentary model of the black organic-rich shale in the foreland basin located in the West Hunan Province, during the Ordovician-Silurian transition
表 1 五峰‒龙马溪组黑色岩系干酪根镜检结果统计分析
Table 1. Types of kerogens in the Wufeng-Longmaxi black shale
样品编号 腐泥组(%) 壳质组(%) 镜质组(%) 惰性组(%) TI 类型 B1 97 0 3 0 94.8 Ⅰ B2 98 0 2 0 96.5 Ⅰ B3 95 0 5 0 91.3 Ⅰ B4 97 0 3 0 94.8 Ⅰ B5 96 0 4 0 93.0 Ⅰ B6 97 0 3 0 94.8 Ⅰ B7 94 0 6 0 89.5 Ⅰ B8 98 0 2 0 96.5 Ⅰ B9 95 0 5 0 91.3 Ⅰ B10 97 0 3 0 94.8 Ⅰ 
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