When was the Yellow River Formed?
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摘要: 河流是塑造地表地貌的重要地质营力之一.认识大河的发育历史有助于提高人类对大河利用的效率和生态保护，从而更好地促进人类社会的发展.黄河是中华民族的母亲河，百余年来国内外研究者对其开展了广泛的研究，但对黄河何时形成及其具体的演化过程等问题至今都没有清晰的答案.鉴于此，本文在前期已经取得的研究结果基础上，广泛搜集和整理国内外研究者已发表的资料，重建黄河在新生代的演化过程，结果表明：青藏高原东北段古近纪发育沿着高原边界纵向流动的原黄河；中新世祁连山东段发育相互平行的河流汇入沉积中心陇西盆地，在晋陕峡谷北部和南部出现流向不同的大型河流，渤海湾盆地和南黄海盆地此时还未出现黄河物质，黄河在中新世进入分段演化阶段；上新世黄河已经连通西宁盆地、兰州盆地、银川盆地和河套盆地，而贵德盆地和共和盆地依然存在内流水系，此时黄河上游还未深入青藏高原东北段更深的腹地.晋陕峡谷南北异向的黄河格局依然存在.三门峡盆地仍然被大型古湖占据，黄河物质未出现在渤海湾盆地和南黄海盆地.上新世是黄河完成最后连通的重要转折阶段；早更新世黄河完成上游、中游和下游的连通，类似现今串联青藏高原、黄土高原和华北平原，东流入海的黄河此时形成.在晚更新世，受气候变化的影响，黄河各段进入新一期演化过程，局部河道再次被古湖占据，在降水丰沛期完成各河道的再次连通.构造和气候的共同作用对黄河的发育具有重要影响.河流水系腹地高大地形的维持是水系发展的前提条件之一.尤其是中新世和上新世祁连山东段的隆升，塑造了黄河在青藏高原的河流基本形态.鄂尔多斯高原周围的贺兰山、阴山和秦岭的隆升，造就了银川、河套和渭河这些深大地堑，在气候干旱期成为限制黄河全线贯通的重要因素.第四纪是东亚气候变化频繁的时期，黄河的最终贯通与气候变化过程密切相关.反过来讲，对黄河的形成与演化过程的研究，可以有效揭示我国北方新生代的构造演化、气候变化过程.Abstract: Rivers are one of the important geological forces that shape the land surface. Understanding the development history of big rivers is helpful for us to improve the efficiency of using big rivers, so as to promote the development of human society. The Yellow River is the mother river of China. Researchers have conducted extensive research on it in the past hundred years, however, there is no clear answer to the question of when it was formed and the specific evolution process. In view of this, on the basis of our previous research results, this paper extensively collected and collated the data published by domestic and foreign researchers to reconstruct the evolution process of the Yellow River during the Cenozoic era. The results show that: The proto-Yellow River, which flowed along the plateau boundary, developed in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau in the Paleogene. In the Miocene, the eastern Qilian Mountains developed parallel rivers flowing into the depocenter of Longxi basin, and large rivers with different flow directions appeared in the north and south parts of the Jinshan Gorge. The Yellow River had not yet appeared in the Bohai Bay Basin and the South Yellow Sea Basin during the Miocene. The Yellow River entered the stage of segmental evolution in this time. In Pliocene, the Yellow River had already connected Xining basin, Lanzhou basin, Yinchuan Basin and Hetao basin, while Guide basin and Gonghe basin still had internal flow system. At this time, the upper reaches of the Yellow River had not penetrated into the deeper hinterland of the northeast section of the Tibetan Plateau. The Jinshan Gorge still has the Yellow River flowing south into Weihe basin and north into Hetao basin, respectively. The Sanmenxia basin is still occupied by large ancient lakes, and the Yellow River material does not appear in the Bohai Bay basin and the South Yellow Sea basin. Pliocene is an important turning stage for the Yellow River to complete its final connection. In the early Pleistocene, the Yellow River connected the upper, middle and lower reaches, similar to the current connection between the Tibetan Plateau, the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain. The Yellow River flowing east to the sea was formed at this time. In the Late Pleistocene, under the influence of climate change, all sections of the Yellow River entered a new stage of evolution, and some of the river channels were occupied by ancient lakes again. In the period of abundant precipitation, the river channels were connected again. The combination of structure and climate has an important influence on the development of the Yellow River. The maintenance of the high landform in the hinterland of river system is one of the preconditions for the development of river system. In particular, the uplift of the eastern Qilian Mountains in Miocene and Pliocene shaped the basic form of the Yellow River on the interior of the Tibetan Plateau. The uplifting of the Helan, Yin and Qinling Mountains around the Ordos Plateau have shaped the deep graben of Yinchuan, Hetao and Weihe River, which has become an important factor limiting the full transmission of the Yellow River in dry weather periods. The Quaternary is a period of frequent climate change in East Asia, and the final connection of the Yellow River is closely related to the process of climate change. Conversely, the study on the formation and evolution of the Yellow River can effectively reveal the tectonic evolution and climate change of the Cenozoic in North China.
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Key words:
- Yellow River /
- tectonic activity /
- climate change /
- provenance tracing /
- river terrace /
- Paleogene /
- Miocene /
- Pliocene /
- Pleistocene /
- quaternary geology /
- environmental geology
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图 3 黄河流域主要造山带和沉积盆地
从源头到河口镇为黄河上游，河口镇到花园口为黄河中游，花园口到入海口为黄河下游
Fig. 3. Main orogenic belts and sedimentary basins in the Yellow River basin
图 4 青藏高原东北段沉积盆地
a.共和盆地、贵德盆地和西宁盆地地质图（Lin et al., 2021）；b.贵德盆地和西宁盆地中新统时的地层（Yang et al., 2017a）；c.贵德盆地和西宁盆地上新统时的地层（Yang et al., 2017a）
Fig. 4. Sedimentary basins of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
图 5 青藏高原东北缘沉积盆地柱状图
a.共和盆地（Zhang et al., 2012）；b.贵德盆地（Fang et al., 2005）；c.西宁盆地（Fang et al., 2019）
Fig. 5. Histogram of sedimentary basins in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
图 6 兰州盆地
a.兰州盆地地层分布图（Guo et al., 2018；Zhang et al., 2018）；b.兰州盆地地层柱状图（Guo et al., 2018；Zhang et al., 2018）
Fig. 6. Lanzhou basin
图 7 银川盆地
a.银川盆地地质图（黄兴富，2014）；b.银川盆地新生代地层柱状图（黄兴富，2014）；c.银川盆地剖面图（Shi et al., 2020）
Fig. 7. Yinchuan basin
图 9 晋陕峡谷地质图(据李智佩等，2019)
Fig. 9. Geological map of Jinshan Gorge (modified from Li et al., 2019)
图 11 三门峡盆地
a.三门峡盆地构造单元划分（王丹丹等，2021）；b.三门峡盆地横剖面（国家地震局，1988）；c.三门峡盆地地层柱状图（Liu et al., 2019；王丹丹等，2021；Xiao et al., 2021）
Fig. 11. Sanmenxia basin
图 12 渤海湾盆地
a.渤海湾盆地构造单元划分图（邱燕等，2016）；b.渤海湾盆地横剖面图（Qi and Yang, 2010）；c.渤海湾盆地新生代地层柱状图（邱燕等，2016）
Fig. 12. Bohai Bay basin
图 13 苏北-南黄海盆地
a.苏北-南黄海盆地构造单元划分图；b.苏北-南黄海盆地横剖面图；c.苏北-南黄海盆地新生代地层柱状图；图据姚翔（2019）
Fig. 13. North Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea basin
图 14 大河形成时代研究方法
a.大河源-汇系统.通过对河流下游沉积盆地内的地层开展相关物源示踪研究，结合沉积地层的年龄，可以有效约束大河的形成时代；b.河流阶地是河流地貌的重要组成部分，它保存了河流的演化记录，通过对河流阶地上覆地层以及阶地自身的沉积时代的约束，可以限定河流阶地的形成时代
Fig. 14. Research methods in the formation of big rivers
图 15 黄河流域主要研究结果位置分布
图中数字编号与正文中引用相对应
Fig. 15. Location distribution map of major research results in the Yellow River basin
图 17 新近纪和第四纪黄河演化过程
a.中新世各段黄河开始出现，进入始黄河演化阶段；b.上新世黄河部分河段完成整合，进入最终连接的转折阶段；c.第四纪早期进入黄河形成阶段；d.第四纪晚期受气候变化的影响，黄河进入调整阶段
Fig. 17. Evolution of the Yellow River in the Neogene and Quaternary
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