Natural Fractures and Their Effectiveness in Deep Continental Shale Reservoirs of Permian Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag
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摘要: 准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组陆相页岩最大埋深超过5 000 m，油气资源丰富，其中广泛发育的天然裂缝对烃类聚集和储层勘探开发具有关键作用.通过岩心、成像测井、薄片和扫描电镜观察，建立了基于地质成因和裂缝产状的深层陆相页岩天然裂缝分类方案，阐明了不同类型天然裂缝的发育特征和有效性，并讨论了深层陆相页岩天然裂缝的非均质性及其对储层的贡献.深层陆相页岩天然裂缝依据地质成因分为构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和异常高压相关裂缝.按照裂缝产状构造裂缝细分为穿层和顺层剪切裂缝、及层内张裂缝，成岩裂缝划分为层理缝、缝合线和收缩裂缝.构造裂缝规模相对较大，组系特征明显，主要以高角度和近直立为主.成岩裂缝主要为近水平发育，缝面弯曲、易分叉.层内张裂缝、层理缝和缝合线是深层陆相页岩储层的优势裂缝类型.天然裂缝可被方解石和含有机质的细粒混合物等矿物不同程度充填，其中构造裂缝和层理缝的充填程度较低，缝合线更易被充填.微观构造裂缝的开度较小，而成岩裂缝的开度通常较大.推测认为构造裂缝主要为储层中流体渗流提供了有效通道，层理缝发育程度更高，不仅是储层流体的渗流通道，也是其有效储集空间的重要组成部分.研究成果对于完善深层陆相页岩天然裂缝分类方案及深入认识这类储层天然裂缝分布规律具有重要的借鉴意义.Abstract: The continental shale in the Permian Fengcheng Formation of the Mahu Sag in the Junggar Basin has a maximum burial depth exceeding 5 000 m, rich in oil and gas resources. The widely developed natural fracture plays a crucial role in the accumulation and exploration of hydrocarbons in these reservoirs. A classification scheme is established for natural fractures in deep continental shale based on their geological genesis and occurrence by observing cores, image logs, thin sections, and SEM samples. Moreover, the development characteristics and effectiveness of different types of natural fractures Were analyzed, and the natural fracture heterogeneity and their contributions to reservoirs are discussed. Accordingly, natural fractures in deep continental shale are divided into tectonic, diagenetic, and abnormal high-pressure related fractures based on their geological genesis. Tectonic fractures can be subdivided into translayer shear, bed-parallel shear, and intralayer open fractures based on their occurrence, while diagenetic fractures are divided into bedding, stylolite, and shrinkage fractures. Tectonic fractures have relatively large scales, obvious groups, and high dipping and nearly vertical angles. Diagenetic fractures mainly develop horizontally, with curved surfaces and easily branched extensions. Intralayer open, bedding, and stylolite fractures are the dominant types of fractures in deep continental shale reservoirs. Natural fractures can be filled in varying degrees by minerals such as calcite and fine-grained mixtures containing organic matter, among which tectonic and bedding fractures are less filled, and stylolites are easier to be filled. Microscopic tectonic fractures have smaller apertures, while diagenetic fractures usually have larger apertures. This study speculates that tectonic fractures mainly provide effective pathways for fluid flow in reservoirs, while bedding fractures are more developed, which are not only seepage channels for reservoir fluid but also an important part of the effective storage space. The research results provide an important reference for improving the classification scheme of natural fractures in deep continental shale and for better understanding of the natural fracture distribution in such reservoirs.
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图 1 准噶尔盆地构造单元图(a)；玛湖凹陷风城组沉积厚度分布等值线图(b)
图a据Liu et al.，2020；图b据支东明等，2021
Fig. 1. The tectonic units of the Junggar Basin in northwestern China (a); sedimentary thickness contour of the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag (b)
图 2 准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷综合柱状图
Fig. 2. The stratigraphic column in the Mahu Sag of the Junggar Basin
图 3 风城组深层陆相页岩不同类型的构造裂缝
a.含碱矿页岩中的穿层剪切裂缝，MY2井，4 154.18 m；b.砂质条带中的层内张裂缝，MY1井，4 574.85 m；c.粉砂质页岩中的顺层剪切裂缝，FN14井，4 528.74 m；d.薄片尺度下纹层状页岩中的层内张裂缝，MY1井，4 852.59 m(曾联波等，2023)；e.薄片中纹层状页岩中的穿层剪切裂缝，MY1井，4 579.64 m
Fig. 3. Different types of tectonic fractures in deep continental shales of the Fengcheng Formation
图 4 风城组FN14井陆相页岩成像测井中不同类型的构造裂缝
a.红线指示穿层剪切裂缝；b.蓝线指示层内张裂缝
Fig. 4. Different types of tectonic fractures in continental shales from Well FN14 of the Fengcheng Formation
图 5 风城组陆相页岩不同类型的成岩裂缝(MY1井)
a.灰质页岩中的层理缝，4 613.65 m；b.白云质页岩中的缝合线，4 605.66 m；c.薄片尺度下纹层状页岩中的层理缝，4 592.28 m；d.薄片尺度下纹层状页岩中的缝合线，4 757.70 m；e.扫描电镜中的收缩裂缝，4 577.37 m
Fig. 5. Different types of diagenetic fractures in continental shales of the Fengcheng Formation in Well MY1
图 6 风城组陆相页岩中的异常高压相关裂缝(MY1井)
a.岩心中被方解石充填的异常高压相关裂缝，4 885.37 m(金之钧等，2022)；b.薄片中被方解石充填的异常高压相关裂缝，4 667.25 m
Fig. 6. Abnormally high pressure-related fractures in continental shales of the Fengcheng Formation in Well MY1
图 7 基于成像测井解释的MY1井风城组构造裂缝走向玫瑰花图(N=223)
Fig. 7. Rose diagram for tectonic fractures of the Fengcheng Formation from Well MY1 (N=223)
图 8 风城组深层陆相页岩岩心构造裂缝倾角分布频率直方图
Fig. 8. The tectonic fracture dip-angle distribution in deep continental shale cores of the Fengcheng Formation
图 9 风城组深层陆相页岩岩心构造裂缝高度分布频率直方图
Fig. 9. The tectonic fracture height distribution in deep continental shale cores of the Fengcheng Formation
图 10 风城组纵向不同段天然裂缝线密度分布
Fig. 10. Linear density distribution of natural fractures in different sections of the Fengcheng Formation
图 11 风城组深层陆相页岩中被矿物充填的天然裂缝(MY1井)
a.岩心中被方解石充填的穿层剪切裂缝，4 540.32 m；b.岩心中被硅硼钠石充填的层内张裂缝，3 350.70 m；c.岩心中被方解石充填的层理缝，4 613.96 m；d.薄片中被石英充填的穿层剪切裂缝，4 823.69 m；e.薄片中被含有机质细粒混合物充填的层理缝，4 807.89 m；f.薄片中被含有机质细粒混合物充填的缝合线，4 903.01 m
Fig. 11. Natural fractures filled with minerals in deep continental shales of the Fengcheng Formation in Well MY1
图 12 风城组深层陆相页岩岩心中不同类型天然裂缝充填程度分布
Fig. 12. The filling degree distribution of different types of natural fractures in deep continental shale cores of the Fengcheng Formation
表 1 玛湖凹陷风城组深层陆相页岩天然裂缝分类方案
Table 1. Natural fracture classification of deep continental shale in the Fengcheng Formation of the Mahu Sag
地质成因类型 裂缝产状类型 主要特征 构造裂缝 穿层剪切裂缝 贯穿岩层界面，缝面平直，倾角较高 顺层剪切裂缝 与层面近平行，缝面具镜面和划痕特征 层内张裂缝 发育在岩层内部，受力学界面限制，倾角较高 成岩裂缝 层理缝 顺层理发育，缝面弯曲、分叉，发育程度高 缝合线 主要为近水平方向，多被细粒混合物充填 收缩裂缝 延伸短，方向性不明显 异常高压相关裂缝 产状不稳定，延伸较短，多被矿物充填 
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