Provenance of Devonian Wenquan Formation from Changning-Menglian Suture Zone and Its Implication for Early Evolution of Paleo-Tethys
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摘要: 昌宁-孟连特提斯洋是古特提斯洋的主洋盆，传统观点认为它形成于泥盆纪，近期有学者提出它形成于早古生代，目前学术界对其形成时间与过程认识不一.研究的样品采自昌宁-孟连缝合带西亚带温泉组，5件样品的碎屑锆石年代学结果显示出相似的特征，表现为一个~440 Ma的主要峰值和~960 Ma的次要峰值，同时发育~600 Ma、~780 Ma、~1 100 Ma、~2 500 Ma的弱峰值.年龄~440 Ma左右的锆石颗粒较为自形、且岩浆震荡环带显著，锆石原位εHf（t）值分布在-11.9~+7.2之间.结合砂岩薄片中发现的安山岩岩屑，综合区域岩浆事件对比，该年龄物源是缝合带东部的早古生代岩浆事件.而年龄大于500 Ma的锆石颗粒磨圆较好，环带不发育，物源来自冈瓦纳.作为保山地块东缘的被动大陆边缘沉积，温泉组却接收到了东部大陆边缘的碎屑物质，这表明泥盆纪昌宁-孟连特提斯洋的沉积盆地规模较小，无法阻隔来自东部大陆边缘的碎屑物质，古特提斯处于裂谷盆地演化阶段，而不是具有较大规模的特提斯洋盆.Abstract: The Changning-Menglian suture zone is the main ocean of the Paleo-Tethys which is considered to be opened in the Devonian according to previous studies. Recently, some scholars put forward that it was formed in the Early Paleozoic. It is a controversial topic that when and how it opened. In this paper, samples were collected from the oldest strata Wenquan Formation within the suture zone, detrital zircon chronology of them obtain similar characteristics, showing two distinctive age peaks at ~440 Ma and ~980 Ma with other age population around 600 Ma, 780 Ma, 1 100 Ma, 2 500 Ma, respectively. Zircons with ~440 Ma have better crystalline morphology and more prominent magmatic oscillation zones, as well as a wide range of Lu-Hf isotopic compositions with in-situ εHf(t) values from -11.9 to +7.2. Zircons comprising the major age peak at ~440 Ma are from the andesite dominant volcanic arc in the Lincang block and western Simao block, while is supported by the andesitic fragment in thin sections. Zircons forming the secondary age peak at ~960 Ma come from the Gondwana. Zircons whose age larger than 500 Ma have rounded shape come from long distance transportation or resediments from Pre-Devonian sandstone. To sum up, the Lincang and Simao blocks located to the east of the suture zone are the main provenance of Wenquan Formation, while the Gondwana and Baoshan block contributes a small number of debris, based on sedimentology, petrology and detrital zircon chronology. The Wenquan Formation deposited on the west side of the Paleo-Tethyan ophiolites, but it received detrital materials from the opposite continental margin. Thus, the main Paleo-Tethyan Ocean basin was not broad enough to cut off the transport of detrital materials. It was a narrow basin in the Devonian during the rifting stage, rather than a mature, broad pelagic oceanic basin.
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图 1 东南亚地质简图(a)，昌宁-孟连缝合带及邻区地质图(b)，昌宁-孟连缝合带温泉组地层序列(c)
图a修改自Metcalfe（2021）. ①哀牢山缝合带，②怒江缝合带，③实皆断裂，④松马缝合带，⑤清迈-清莱缝合带，⑥琅勃拉邦缝合带，⑦难河-程逸缝合带. 图b修改自Zhao et al.，2017，主要展示了寒武系-泥盆系碎屑岩、早古生代岩浆岩、古生代蛇绿混杂岩带以及采样位置，前人研究点以太阳状标记标出，年龄展示在侧（段向东等，2006；Jian et al.，2009a；Dong et al.，2013；王保弟等，2013；Nie et al.，2015；王冬兵等，2016；Xing et al.，2017；Liu et al.，2021；魏月华等，2021；Wei et al.，2022）.图c修改自冯庆来等（1997）和张元动等（1998），采样位置以星形标记标出
Fig. 1. Tectonic outline of Southeast Asia (a), geological map of the Changning-Menglian suture zone and its vicinity (b), stratigraphic columns for the Wenquan Formation (c)
图 2 岩石薄片的镜下单偏光、正交光照片及碎屑颗粒半定量图解
Q.quartz，L.detritus.图a~f分别是样品MHX06和MHX12的单偏光及对应正交光照片，显示出典型的碎屑结构，碎屑颗粒以石英为主，含有少量岩屑；图c~h是典型安山岩岩屑的单偏光及对应正交光照片.图i~j是安山岩岩屑的正交光照片；图k是砂岩碎屑矿物成分分布三角图（Q-F-L，Qp-Lv-Ls和Qm-F-Lt）（Dickinson and Suczek，1979），Q. 石英总颗粒数（Qm+Qp），Qm.单晶石英，Qp.多晶石英，F.单晶长石总数，L.不稳定岩屑（Lv+Ls），Lv.火山岩屑，Ls.沉积岩和变质沉积岩岩屑，Lt.多晶质岩屑（L+Qp）
Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of samples under single polarized light, cross-polarized light, and the modal composition ternary plots
图 3 锆石阴极发光图片
红色实线圈为锆石年龄测试打点位置，直径为32 μm，测试年龄用白色文字标注在下方；黄色虚线圈为锆石原位Hf同位素测试打点位置，直径为44 μm，εHf（t）值用黄色文字标注在下方；图片左下角的白色实线为比例尺，长度为50 μm.~440 Ma年龄的锆石颗粒具有较为自形的晶形，岩浆震荡环带十分发育
Fig. 3. Cathodoluminescence images of zircon grains
图 4 样品NPH01(a), D4(b), N2(c), MHX12(d), MHX06(e)的年龄分布柱状图及相对概率分布
Fig. 4. Relative probability density diagrams of NPH01 (a), D4 (b), N2 (c), MHX12 (d), MHX06 (e) and their comparison
图 5 特提斯喜马拉雅地块(a)、滇缅泰马地块(b)、保山地块(c)、温泉组(d)、思茅地块(e)、印支地块(f)等邻区地块泥盆系/早古生界相对概率曲线对比图
图a据Gehrels et al.（2011）. 图b据Cai et al.（2017）. 图c据Li et al.（2015）和Zhao et al.（2017）. 图d据数据来自本次研究.王冬兵等（2020）和Zheng et al.（2021）. 图e据Wang et al.（2014）、Xia et al.（2016）. 图f据Wang et al.（2016）
Fig. 5. Normalized probability density diagrams of detrital zircon ages from all samples of the Wenquan Formation, comparing to the Indochina, Simao, Baoshan, Sibumasu and Tethyan Himalaya blocks
图 6 保山地块(a)和昌宁-孟连缝合带东侧(b)岩浆事件记录的年龄分布特征，温泉组~440 Ma年龄颗粒的εHf(t)特征值分布及其与邻区地块的背景值对比(c)；温泉组碎屑锆石年龄组成与邻区泥盆系砂岩的多维定标相似性量化分析(d)
图a~b虽然两者在~460 Ma都发育有岩浆事件，但是它们的岩性、时间范围及Hf同位素特征均有差异（保山地块数据主要收集自Chen et al.，2007；Dong et al.，2013；Wang et al.，2015；临沧地块以及思茅地块数据收集自Nie et al.，2015；Xing et al.，2017；Liu et al.，2018；刘桂春，2020；魏月华等，2021）.图c温泉组数据来自本次研究；王冬兵等，2020；Zheng et al.，2021；保山地块数据同a图；临沧地块以及思茅地块数据同b图.图d温泉组与典型的冈瓦纳物源区和印支物源区具有很大差异（Multi-Dimensional Scaling，MDS）（数据同图 5）（Vermeesch，2013）
Fig. 6. Age distribution of magmatic ages on the west (a) and east (b) sides of the Changning-Menglian suture zone. The εHf(t) comparison diagram from the ~440 Ma ages in the Wenquan Formation and adjacent Paleozoic magmatic rocks (c). Multi-dimensional scaling between the Wenquan Formation and adjacent Devonian sandstones (d)
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