Relationship between the Transition of Longshan Culture-Erlitou Culture and the Hydro-Climate in the Luoyang Basin
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摘要: 为理解洛阳盆地龙山‒二里头文化转变与水文气候的关系问题，整理了这两个文化时期聚落的位置和规模信息（数量、等级和最大聚落占地面积）、全新世古气候记录和4 000 a BP左右的古洪水事件.分析结果表明：（1）在龙山文化时期（4 900~4 000 a BP），聚落的发展壮大可能与中全新世晚期稳定适宜的气候条件有关.然而，在龙山‒二里头文化的转变阶段（4 000~3 750 a BP），4 200 a BP气候突变导致极端洪水发生，对众多聚落产生了严重威胁，迫使盆地内泛滥平原区的居民迁往周围高地或外地.（2）在二里头文化时期（3 750~3 500 a BP），极端洪水不再发生，盆地内优越的地理位置和地貌条件为大规模的农业生产和聚落建设提供了广阔的空间.本研究成果对于阐明洛阳盆地龙山‒二里头文化演变与水文气候的关系，具有重要的科学意义.Abstract: In order to understand the relationship between the transformation of Longshan culture to Erlitou culture in the Luoyang basin and the hydrological climate, in this paper it collects and analyzes the location and scale information of the settlements (quantity, grade and the largest settlement area) in the two cultural periods, the Holocene paleoclimate records and the paleoflood events at ca. 4 000 a BP. The results show follows. (1) During the Longshan Culture period (4 900-4 000 a BP), the scale of settlements grew, which may be closely related to the stable and suitable climate in the late Middle Holocene. In the turning stage of Longshan Culture to Erlitou Culture (4 000-3 750 a BP), the 4 200 a BP climatic event triggered extreme floods in the basin, which destroyed many settlements and prompted residents to move to the surrounding highlands or other places. (2) During the Erlitou Culture period (3 750-3 500 a BP), the extreme floods did not occur again, the superior geographical location and geomorphic conditions in the basin provided a broad space for large-scale agricultural production and settlement construction. The results are of great significance for exploring the relationship between the evolution of Longshan Culture-Erlitou Culture in Luoyang basin and the hydrological climate.
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Key words:
- Luoyang basin /
- 4 200 a BP climatic event /
- floods /
- Longshan Culture /
- Erlitou Culture /
- hydrogeology /
- environmental geology
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图 1 洛阳盆地与黄河中游地区的区域概况及古洪水研究地点
a.洛阳盆地周围地区古洪水研究地点；b.洛阳盆地古洪水研究地点.剖面名称：TXC.太学村剖面；ELT.二里头剖面；ELT1.二里头1剖面；ELT23.二里头23剖面；XJP.西金坪遗址剖面；ZJZ.周家庄遗址剖面；FHXC.许村剖面；YGZ.杨官寨剖面；CXG.崔西沟剖面；HXZ.浒西庄剖面；HXZ-W.浒西庄西剖面；HXZ-E.浒西庄东剖面；CHZ.蔡河站剖面；ZJC.张家船剖面；LMC.梁峁村剖面
Fig. 1. Regional overview and ancient flood research sites in the Luoyang basin and the middle reach of the Yellow River
图 2 洛阳盆地龙山文化晚期和二里头文化Ⅱ~Ⅳ期聚落层次分级柱状图
Fig. 2. Hierarchical histogram of settlements of the late Longshan culture and the Erlitou culture Ⅱ~Ⅳ in Luoyang basin
图 3 洛阳盆地及周围地区史前聚落遗址分布模式
引自文献：国家文物局，1991；陈星灿等，2003；Liu et al.，2004，2019；许宏和刘莉，2008；乔玉，2010. a.龙山文化晚期（4 500~4 000 a BP）遗址分布模式；b.龙山文化‒二里头文化转折变化时期（4 000~3 750 a BP）聚落分布模式；c.二里头文化Ⅰ期（约3 750 a BP）遗址分布模式；d.二里头文化Ⅱ~Ⅳ期（3 700~3 500 a BP）遗址分布模式；花地嘴遗址位于洛阳盆地东侧，新砦遗址位于嵩山东麓
Fig. 3. Distribution pattern of prehistoric settlement sites in the Luoyang basin and its surrounding areas
图 4 中国全新世高分辨率古气候记录
a.莲花洞高分辨率石笋δ18O记录（Dong et al.，2015）；b.鸭子海孢粉组合的主成分分析（PCA-1）（Wang et al.，2022）；c.三宝洞高分辨率石笋δ18O记录（Dong et al.，2010）；d.神农洞高分辨率石笋δ18O记录（Zhang et al.，2018a）；e.董哥洞高分辨率石笋δ18O记录（Wang et al.，2005）；f.灰嘴剖面AP/NAP值（陈亮等，2023）；g.不同纬度带（北半球30°~90°N）的全新世温度变化集成（Marcott et al.，2013）.浅灰色阴影部分代表 4 200 a BP事件的持续时间为4 200~3 900 a BP
Fig. 4. Holocene high-resolution paleoclimate records in China
图 5 洛阳盆地及黄河中游地区研究地点的地层柱状图
Fig. 5. Stratigraphic histogram of the study site in the Luoyang basin and the middle reach of the Yellow River
图 6 洛阳盆地龙山文化‒二里头文化时期伊洛河河道变迁示意
a.全新世中期（约8 200~4 200 a BP）伊洛河的位置；b.龙山文化‒二里头文化转折变化时期（4 000~3 750 a BP）古洪水的最大淹没范围；c.二里头文化时期（3 750~3 500 a BP）伊洛河的位置；d.现代伊洛河的位置.修改自Li（2018）
Fig. 6. Diagram showing Yiluo River channel alterations in the Luoyang basin during the Longshan Culture-Erlitou Culture period
图 7 龙山文化‒二里头文化转折变化时段（4 000~3 750 a BP）史前人类迁移路线
Fig. 7. Road map of prehistoric human migration from the Longshan Culture to the Erlitou Culture(4 000-3 750 a BP)
表 1 洛阳盆地龙山文化‒二里头文化时期聚落遗址规模的变化状况
Table 1. The scale of settlement sites during the period of Longshan Culture-Erlitou Culture in the Luoyang basin
文化类型 年代（a BP） 中心城市（个） 大型聚落（个） 中型聚落（个） 小型聚落（个） 总量（个） 龙山文化早期 4 900~4 500 61（≤0.1 km2） 61 龙山文化晚期 4 500~4 000 2（0.5~0.7 km2） 9（0.15~0.34 km2） 145（≤0.12 km2） 156 二里头文化Ⅰ期 约3 750 1（1 km2） 18（≤0.12 km2） 19 二里头文化Ⅱ~Ⅳ期 3 700~3 500 1（3 km2） 9（0.3~0.8 km2） 7（0.18~0.29 km2） 190（≤0.12 km2） 207 注：表中数据引自 Liu et al.(2019） .
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表 2 洛阳盆地及相关地区4 000 a BP左右的古洪水事件
Table 2. Paleoflood events of about 4 000 a BP in Luoyang basin and related areas
所在流域 剖面名称 测年材料 测年方法 年代 来源 洛阳盆地（伊洛河流域） TXC 石英 OSL 4 000~3 800 a Zhang et al., 2019b ELT1 石英 OSL (3 805±248) a Zhang et al., 2019a ELT23 石英 OSL (4 044±338) a Zhang et al., 2019a ELT 石英 OSL 4 050~3 800 a 张俊娜和夏正楷, 2011 沁河流域 XJC 石英 OSL 4 050~3 800 a 张俊娜和夏正楷, 2011 Q02010-1 有机沉积物 AMS 14C 4 250 a BP 付鹏, 2005 Q02017-1 有机沉积物 AMS 14C 4 340 a BP 付鹏, 2005 Q02020-1 有机沉积物 AMS 14C 3 890 a BP 付鹏, 2005 Q02026 有机沉积物 AMS 14C 4 000 a BP 付鹏, 2005 汾河流域 FHXC 石英 OSL 4 200~3 900 a Li et al., 2021 ZJZ 炭屑 AMS 14C 4 400~4 000 a BP 张俊娜和夏正楷, 2011 泾渭流域 YGZ 石英 OSL 4 200~4 000 a 顾洪亮等, 2012 CXG 地层对比 4 500~4 100 a BP 李晓刚等, 2009 HXZ 石英 OSL 4 300~4 000 a 黄春长等, 2011 HXZ-W 石英 OSL 4 300~4 100 a 查小春, 2007 HXZ-E 石英 OSL 4 300~4 000 a Zha et al., 2009 北洛河流域 CHZ 石英 OSL 4 200~4 000 a Zhang et al., 2015 ZJC 地层对比 4 500~4 000 a BP 赵明等, 2011 LMC 地层对比 4 200~3 800 a BP 姚平等, 2008
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