Heavy Rainfall Increasing Carbon Sink in Shallow Groundwater in Vegetable Growing Areas
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摘要: 全球气候变暖背景下，寻找吸收大气二氧化碳（CO2）的碳汇途径十分紧迫和必要.农业区粪肥及化学肥料等人为输入产生的酸性物质，释放更多的溶解性无机碳（dissolved inorganic carbon，DIC）进入浅层地下水，是一个重要的碳汇过程，但强降雨过程对其影响仍不清楚.选择豫北某蔬菜种植区浅层地下水作为主要研究对象，对比选取粮食作物种植区浅层地下水以及研究区深层地下水，于2021年4月和10月分别采集水体样品，借助水化学组成，水体氢氧同位素（δDH2O和δ18OH2O）以及δ13CDIC组成，探讨强降雨过程对农业区浅层地下水无机碳循环的影响.研究结果表明：雨季强降雨过程导致更多人为污染物进入蔬菜种植区浅层地下水，总溶解性固体含量（TDS）均值由649 mg/L增加至1 195 mg/L，δ13CDIC均值从-12.25‰降至-14.14‰，变化幅度均大于对比区域地下水，表明更多有机质进入浅层地下水并发生降解；4月和10月蔬菜种植区浅层地下水DIC含量均值分别为7.87 mmol/L和7.74 mmol/L，虽然变化不大，但随着地下水水位增加11~15 m，DIC输入通量增加，碳汇能力显著增强.研究结果证实蔬菜种植区人为输入对浅层地下水的影响，同时验证强降雨过程可以将更多的DIC输入浅层地下水，增加地下水溶解组分含量，增强地下水碳汇能力.Abstract: In the backdrop of global climate change, the quest for effective methods to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is both urgent and indispensable. The acidifying substances generated by artificial inputs such as manure and chemical fertilizers in agricultural areas release more dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into shallow groundwater, altering the process of inorganic carbon cycling. However, the influence of heavy rain events on this process remains unclear. Shallow groundwater in a vegetable cultivation area in North Henan Province was selected as the primary research focus, while shallow groundwater samples from grain growing region and local deep groundwater samples were also collected in April and October 2021. The water chemistry composition, hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions (δDH2O and δ18OH2O), and δ13CDIC compositions were analyzed to investigate the influence of rainfall processes on inorganic carbon cycling in shallow groundwater of agricultural areas. The results show that heavy rainfall led to more anthropogenic pollutants entering groundwater under the vegetable cultivation areas during the rainy season, resulting in an increase in mean TDS values from 649 mg/L in April to 1 195 mg/L in October, and a decrease in average δ13CDIC values from －12.25‰ to －14.14‰. The changes of mean TDS values and δ13CDIC values in groundwater under the vegetable cultivation areas were larger than those in groundwater under other sites, displaying more organic matter had entered and decomposed in the shallow groundwater under the vegetable cultivation areas. The average DIC concentrations varied little from 7.78 mmol/L in April to 7.74 mmol/L in October, however, as groundwater table elevated about 11 to 15 m after heavy rainfall, it implied more DIC input and thereby obviously increased carbon sink capacity in shallow groundwater. This study confirms the impact of anthropogenic inputs in vegetable cultivation areas on DIC in shallow groundwater and verifies that heavy rainfall will transport more DIC into shallow groundwater and increasing more dissolved components, elevating carbon sink capability of groundwater.
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图 1 研究区2021年月降雨量和月均气温图
Fig. 1. Monthly rainfall and average temperature in 2021 in the studied area
图 3 研究区不同类型地下水pH、TDS和温度(T)的组成特征
Fig. 3. The compositions of pH, TDS, and temperature (T) values in different types of groundwater in the studied area
图 4 研究区不同类型地下水各离子组成特征
Fig. 4. Characteristics of ion compositions in different types of groundwater in the studied area
图 5 研究区不同类型地下水同位素组成特征
Fig. 5. Isotopic composition characteristics of different types of groundwater in the studied area
图 6 研究区不同类型地下水SIc、SId和PCO2组成特征
Fig. 6. The compositions of SIc, SId, and PCO2 values in different types of groundwater in the studied area
图 7 研究区不同类型地下水氢氧同位素组成关系和TDS与d-excess值的关系
Fig. 7. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition relationship of different types of groundwater and relationship between TDS and d-excess values in the studied area
图 8 研究区不同类型地下水δ13CDIC和DIC的关系
Fig. 8. Relationship between δ13CDIC and DIC in different types of groundwater in the studied area
图 9 研究区地下水(Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO3-和NO3-/HCO3-(a)以及(Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO3-和SO42-/HCO3-(b)的关系
Fig. 9. Relationship between (Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO3- and NO3-/HCO3-, as well as (Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO3- and SO42-/HCO3- in different types of groundwater in the studied area
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