Effects of Two Different Strains of Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria on Arsenic Migration and Transformation in Arsenopyrite
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摘要: 生物硫氧化作用对热泉环境砷的迁移转化有显著影响.然而，不同类型的硫氧化微生物对砷转化的影响尚不完全清楚.本研究对比分析了硫代硫酸盐氧化型细菌Anoxybacillus flavithermus DB-1和单质硫氧化型古菌Sulfolobus tengchong RT8-4对热泉典型含硫砷矿物‒砷黄铁矿的作用.结果表明，在50 ℃、pH值为7.0~8.0的条件下，菌株A. flavithermus DB-1能在2天内将初始浓度为0.1 mmol/L的As（Ⅲ）氧化60%，但不能氧化单质硫.菌株S. tengchong RT8-4在pH值为3.0、温度为75 ℃的条件下，能在8天内将初始浓度为0.1 mmol/L的Fe（Ⅱ）氧化54.3%，但不能氧化硫离子和砷.A. flavithermus DB-1与砷黄铁矿共培养促进了砷和硫的释放，最终释放到溶液中的砷浓度为1.8 mmol/L，SO42-浓度为10.4 mmol/L，且无次级矿物生成.而S. tengchong RT8-4与砷黄铁矿共培养时释放出12.8 mmol/L的砷、87.7 mmol/L的SO42-以及8.5 mmol/L的Fe（Ⅲ），同时生成黄铁矾（Jarosite）、斜黄铁矾（Yavapaiite）、砷酸铁（Scorodite）等次级矿物.这些结果表明不同类型的硫氧化菌能促进含硫砷矿物的转化并促进砷的迁移/释放，但机理不同.本研究促进了我们对热泉中硫砷生物地球化学的认识.Abstract: The transformation of arsenic in hot springs is significantly affected by biotic sulfur oxidization. However, the effects of different types of sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms on arsenic transformation are still not well understood. In this study, it compared the effects of anthiosulfate-oxidized bacterium Anoxybacillus flavithermus DB-1 and anelemental sulfur-oxidized archaea Sulfolobus tengchong RT8-4 on arsenopyrite, a typical sulfur-arsenic-bearing mineral from hot springs. The results show that strain A. flavithermus DB-1 could oxidize 60% of As(Ⅲ) at an initial concentration of 0.1 mmol/L in two days, but not elemental sulfur at 50 ℃, pH 7.0-8.0. Strain S. tengchong RT8-4 was able to oxidize 54.3% of Fe(Ⅱ) at an initial concentration of 0.1 mmol/L within 8 days, but could not oxidize sulfur ions and arsenic under the conditions of pH 3.0 and 75 ℃. Co-culture of A. flavithermus DB-1 with arsenopyrite promoted the release of arsenic and sulfur, and the final concentration of arsenic released into the solution was 1.8 mmol/L, SO42- concentration was 10.4 mmol/L, and no secondary mineral was produced. With S. tengchong RT8-4, 12.8 mmol/L of arsenic, SO42- 87.7 mmol/L and 8.5 mmol/L Fe(Ⅲ) were released, and the secondary minerals such as jarosite, yavapaiite and scorodite were generated. These findings suggest that different sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms can affect arsenic migration and transformation in different ways in hot springs, which improves our understanding of arsenic and sulfur biogeochemistry in hot springs.
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图 1 菌株A. flavithermus DB-1和菌株S. tengchong RT8-4的硫/砷/铁氧化功能分析
图a和b分别为菌株A. flavithermus DB-1硫氧化功能和砷氧化功能验证，图c、d和e分别为菌株S. tengchong RT8-4的硫氧化功能、铁氧化功能和砷氧化功能验证
Fig. 1. Analysis of S/As/Fe oxidation with the strains A. flavithermus DB-1 and S. tengchong RT8-4
图 2 菌株A. flavithermus DB-1作用于砷黄铁矿过程中As的浓度和菌量（a）、pH值和SO42-浓度（b）的变化
Fig. 2. As concentrations and biomass (a), pH and SO42- concentration variations (b) with strain A. flavithermus DB-1 and arsenopyrite
图 3 菌株S. tengchong RT8-4作用于砷黄铁矿过程中As浓度和菌量（a）、pH值和SO42-浓度（b）以及Fe浓度（c）的变化
Fig. 3. Arsenic concentrations and biamass (a), pH and SO42- concentration (b), and Fe concentration (c) with strain S. tengchong RT8-4 and arsenopyrite
图 4 菌株A. flavithermus DB-1与砷黄铁矿反应后矿物的扫描电镜（SEM）照片及矿物种类分析的X射线衍射图（XRD）
a.反应前；b.第24天反应产物；c.第36天反应产物；d.空白组第36天；e.XRD
Fig. 4. The SEM micrographs of minerals and XRD diffraction patterns of mineral species with strain A. flavithermus DB-1 and arsenopyrite
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