Sedimentary Facies Evolution and Oncoidal Development Conditions of Wujiaping Formation of Upper Permian in Hongxing Area, East Sichuan
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摘要: 微生物岩或微生物相关沉积的广泛发育是生物大灭绝之后常见的沉积学响应.近期研究认为中二叠世末灭绝事件是地质历史上第六大生物灭绝事件，但目前关于该灭绝后微生物沉积记录研究较为缺乏.本次研究对川东红星地区HY3井上二叠统吴家坪组底部的一套核形石灰岩展开了详细调查，并分析了其相关地层的沉积相演化.在HY3井茅口组顶部至长兴组底部，共识别出5个沉积相（组合）和11种沉积微相.纵向上，吴家坪组沉积相演化显示出3个整体水深逐步加大的3级海平面变化旋回，其中核形石仅见于吴家坪期第1沉积旋回海侵阶段的中-后期.根据核心和纹层特征，可将HY3井吴家坪组核形石分为4种类型.随着沉积水深加大，核形石的类型、直径、密度等参数在纵向上呈现出3个差异明显的发育阶段，这些参数变化均指示合适的水动力条件是核形石发育的关键因素之一.此外，这些核形石的发育可能还受到生物灭绝和陆源输入的影响.核形石发育层位对应于中二叠世末生物灭绝的灾后期，后生生物多样性锐减为以微生物诱导为沉积机制的核形石发育提供了充足的生态空间.在核形石灰岩之上相邻层位、水深条件相当的地层中，可能由于更靠近煤层，陆源输入增强，导致核形石不再发育.Abstract: Widespread development of microbiolites or microbial-associated deposits is a common sedimentological response to the aftermath of mass extinctions. Recent studies have suggested that the end-Middle Permian extinction was the sixth largest extinction event in geological history, but the record of microbial deposition after the extinction is still lacking. In this study, the oncoidal limestone at the bottom of Wujiaping Formation of Permian in Well HY3, Hongxing area, East Sichuan, was investigated in detail, and the sedimentary facies evolution of its related strata was also analyzed. From the top of Maokou Formation to the bottom of Changxing Formation in Well HY3, 5 sedimentary facies (assemblages) and 11 sedimentary microfacies are identified. The vertical evolution of sedimentary facies in Wujiaping Formation indicates three third-order sea level change cycles where the overall water depth gradually increases. The oncolite is only found in the mid-late transgression stage of the first sedimentary cycle of Wujiaping stage. Based on the characteristics of core and lamination, the oncoids of Wujiaping Formation can be divided into four types. With the increase of sedimentary water depth, the type parameters, diameter and density of oncoids present three distinct development stages from the bottom upward. The changes of these parameters indicate that suitable hydrodynamic conditions are one of the key factors for the development of oncoids. In addition, the development of oncoids may have been influenced by biological extinction and terrigenous inputs. The oncoidal horizon corresponds to the late Middle Permian extinction period, and the sharp decline of epigenetic biodiversity provides sufficient ecological space for the development of oncolite induced by microbes. In the adjacent strata above the oncoidal limestone or in similar water depth conditions, the terrigenous input may be enhanced due to the closer proximity to coal, resulting in the disappearance of oncolite.
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Key words:
- Late Permian /
- Wujiaping Formation /
- sedimentary microfacies /
- oncoid /
- biological extinction /
- sea level change /
- sedimentology /
- shale gas /
- geobiology
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图 1 晚二叠世吴家坪期扬子板块岩相古地理图及HY3井位置(据刘宝珺和许效松，1994修改)
Fig. 1. Lithofacies paleogeographic map of Yangtze block in Wujiaping stage of Late Permian and location of well HY3 (modified after Liu and Xu, 1994)
图 2 红星地区HY3井上二叠统-下三叠统岩性柱状图
Fig. 2. Lithologic column of Upper Permian⁃Lower Triassic series of well HY3 in Hongxing area
图 3 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组综合柱状图
Fig. 3. Comprehensive column of Wujiaping Formation of well HY3 in Hongxing area
图 4 红星地区HY3井核形石灰岩段岩心拼图(a)及其典型岩心照片(b, c)
图b表示图a中黄色虚线框内的核形石段照片；图c表示图a中蓝色虚线框内的典型煤层照片
Fig. 4. Core puzzles (a) and typical core pictures (b, c) of oncoidal limestone in well HY3 of Hongxing area
图 5 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组岩石学特征
a. MF2，化石稀少的白云岩，HY3⁃011⁃003；b. MF3，富含黄铁矿的硅质钙质页岩，HY3⁃032⁃002；c. MF5，以钙藻为主的生屑灰岩，HY3⁃037⁃017；d~f. MF6，生物类型丰富，含钙藻碎屑的生屑灰岩，d来自HY3⁃039⁃002，e来自于HY3⁃052⁃008，f来自HY3⁃052⁃003；g. MF7，含海绵骨针的生屑灰岩，HY3⁃043⁃008；h. MF8，含大量被硅化介壳的钙质硅质岩，HY3⁃056⁃006Z（正交光）；i. MF9，生屑含量较少的泥晶灰岩，HY3⁃062⁃003；j. MF10，富含放射虫的硅质页岩，HY3⁃080⁃001；k. MF10，富含放射虫的钙质硅质页岩，HY3⁃093⁃002；l. 生屑稀少的硅质钙质页岩，HY3⁃097⁃003Z（正交光）
Fig. 5. Petrological features of Wujiaping Formation of Well HY3 in Hongxing area
图 6 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组核形石长轴统计
N表示数量number，即在所有薄片中共挑选了802颗保存完整的核形石进行长轴直径统计
Fig. 6. Long axis statistics of oncoids from Wujiaping Formation of Well HY3 in Hongxing area
图 7 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组类型A核形石典型薄片照片
a~k. 典型类型A核形石，呈椭球状或近椭球状，除了F来自HY3⁃016之外，其余核形石均来自HY3⁃012；d. 核心为椭球状泥晶团块；e. 核心被重结晶为亮晶方解石；f. 核心直径较大，部分发生重结晶，形成泥晶和亮晶的混生现象；g~i. 纹层为由亮层和暗层相间排列而成的同心圈层结构；j. 黄色箭头指示核形石边缘发育的压溶缝合线；k.为j中黄色方框内的放大部分，黄色箭头指示微生物丝状体
Fig. 7. Typical thin section pictures of oncoids belonging to type A from Wujiaping Formation of well HY3 in Hongxing area
图 8 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组类型B核形石典型薄片照片
a~d. 典型类型b核形石，核心为生物碎屑，a和b来自HY3⁃014，c和d来自于HY3⁃016；b为a局部放大照片，b中黄色箭头指示微生物丝状体；d为c局部放大照片
Fig. 8. Typical thin section pictures of oncoids belonging to type B from Wujiaping Formation of Well HY3 in Hongxing area
图 9 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组类型C核形石典型薄片照片
a~c. 典型类型c核形石，具有“核大壳薄”的特征，均来自HY3⁃016；d. 核心由类型d核形石破碎的纹层组成，来自HY3⁃018；e. 为d中黄色方框内的放大部分，黄色箭头指示典型的微生物丝状体；f. 核心由类型d核形石破碎的纹层组成，来自HY3⁃014；g. 为f中黄色方框内的放大部分，黄色箭头指示典型的微生物丝状体
Fig. 9. Typical thin section pictures of oncoids belonging to type C from Wujiaping Formation of well HY3 in Hongxing area
图 10 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组类型D核形石典型薄片照片
a. 典型类型d核形石，来自HY3⁃016；b. 同心圈层结构与波纹状结构混生的组合纹层，来自HY3⁃016；c. 波纹状结构纹层，来自HY3⁃013；d. 同心圈层结构与波纹状结构混生的组合纹层，来自HY3⁃012；d1. 为d中黄色方框内的放大部分，显示纹层内部的微生物丝状体；e. 放射状结构与波纹状结构混生的组合纹层，来自HY3⁃014；e1. 为e中黄色方框内的放大部分，显示纹层内部的微生物丝状体；f. 放射状结构纹层，来自HY3⁃014；f1. 为f中黄色方框内的放大部分，显示纹层内部的微生物丝状体
Fig. 10. Typical thin section pictures of oncoids belonging to type D from Wujiaping Formation of well HY3 in Hongxing area
图 11 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组核形石垂向分布特征
a~c. 第1阶段，以类型a为主，含有一定量类型c和类型d，a来自HY3⁃012，b和c来自HY3⁃013；d~f. 第2阶段，4种类型混生，d来自HY3⁃014，e来自HY3⁃015，f来自HY3⁃016；g，h. 第3阶段前期，以类型c为主，其余类型数量均减少，g来自HY3⁃017，h来自HY3⁃018；i. 核形石暂时消失，i来自HY3⁃020；j~l. 第3阶段后期，以类型c为主，出现有少量类型a和类型d，均来自HY3⁃023
Fig. 11. Oncoidal vertical distribution characteristics of Wujiaping Formation of Well HY3 in Hongxing area
表 1 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组4种类型核形石形态特征
Table 1. Four types of oncoidal morphological characteristics of Wujiaping Formation in Hongxing area
类型 形态 核心 纹层 长轴直径 A 多数呈椭球状或近椭球状，少数呈次椭球状 多数为椭球状泥晶团块，少数为亮晶方解石 由亮层和暗层相间排列构成同心圈层结构，暗层以泥晶为主，亮层含亮晶成分较多 0.5~10.0 mm B 多数呈长椭球状或长条状，少数呈不规则形态 生物碎屑，主要为双壳类和介形类 不连续、不规则，纹层多由泥晶组成，不同纹层之间的界线不明显 2.0~15.0 mm C 次椭球状或不规则形态，核大壳薄 不规则泥晶团块 纹层微弱发育，仅在核心的外圈生长出1~3圈薄纹层 0.5~5.0 mm D 不规则形态 多数为泥晶团块，少数为破碎的核形石 纹层厚且类型丰富，多为波纹状或放射状纹层，或多种形态的组合 5.0~20.0 mm，极个别大于20.0 mm 
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