Beishan Complex in the Middle Section of Southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: History, Progress and Problems
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摘要: 前寒武纪地质体是大地构造单元划分的重要依据，同时也为理解早期超大陆聚合离散和演化提供了重要信息，对其形成时代、分布范围、物质组成等的认识影响着对造山带结构、形成演化和造山样式的看法，具有重要的研究价值. 然而，由于构造改造置换，造成部分显生宙地质体与前寒武纪地质体难以区分，加之不同时段研究程度、测试手段不同，使得一些区域上的前寒武纪地质体分类命名、分布范围、大地构造属性等几经变革，影响着对造山带结构和形成演化的深入认识.以中亚造山带南缘中段北山杂岩为研究对象，探讨前寒武纪地质体划分对造山带结构和形成演化的影响. 北山杂岩长期被当作北山造山带中微陆块的前寒武纪基底，近些年关于其分布范围、形成时代和大地构造属性取得了新的重要进展. 本文在综述北山杂岩划分沿革的基础上，总结了前人关于北山南北两带的基底岩石划分对比等方面的看法，以及与相邻构造单元前寒武纪地质体的划分对比，并概括了关于北山杂岩基底属性方面的认识. 通过中亚造山带南缘中段各微陆块的岩石组合、前寒武纪碎屑锆石谱峰特征、构造-热事件序列和锆石Hf同位素特征等方面综合对比，初步认为这些微陆块可能经历了相似的前寒武纪演化历史. 结合前人资料，提出其源于Columbia超大陆裂解，并参与了Rodinia超大陆聚合最终裂解几个微陆块的演化过程. 鉴于具有前寒武纪基底属性地质体的重要性以及由不断变化的内涵和分布范围引起的分歧，建议进一步加强中亚造山带南缘中段北山造山带前寒武纪地质体的识别和划分沿革工作以及区域地质图编图工作.Abstract: The Precambrian geological bodies in the orogenic belts are important for the division of tectonic units and also provide important information for understanding the amalgamation and fragmentation of early supercontinents. The understanding of their formation ages, distribution ranges, material compositions, etc. affects the view on the tectonics, evolution, and orogenic models of the different orogenic belts. It is the basis of many scientific issues and has important research values. However, due to structural deformation and replacement, it is difficult to differentiate some Phanerozoic and Precambrian geological bodies in ancient orogenic belts around the world. In addition, different research levels and testing methods in different periods have led to several changes in the classifications, nomenclatures, distribution ranges, and geotectonic attributes of some Precambrian geological bodies, affecting the understanding of the topics above. This study focuses on the Beishan Complex in the middle segment of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) to discuss the influence of the complicated and arbitrary classifications, divisions, and distribution of a Precambrian geological body on the tectonics and evolution of the orogenic belt. The Beishan Complex has long been regarded as the Precambrian basement of the microcontinents in the Beishan Orogenic Blet (BOB) in the middle section of the southern CAOB. In recent years, numerous advances have been made in its distribution ranges, ages, and basement affinities, which affect the tectonics and evolution of the BOB. This study reviews the classification history of the Beishan Complex, summarizes the previous views on the differences in the basement rocks between the southern and northern zones of the BOB, compares the Beishan Complex of the BOB with the Precambrian geological bodies of northern Alxa and the Central Tianshan blocks, and elaborates the understanding of the basement attribution of the tectonic units to which the Beishan Complex belongs. Based on the comprehensive comparison of rock assemblages, the Precambrian detrital zircon peak characteristics, magmatic event sequences, and zircon Hf isotope characteristics of the microcontinents in the middle section of the southern margin of the CAOB, it is considered that these microcontinents might experience a similar Precambrian evolution history. Integrated with previous data, it is proposed that these microcontinents may originate from the breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent, participate in the evolution of the Rodinia Supercontinent amalgamation, and finally break up into several microcontinent blocks. In view of the importance of geological bodies with Precambrian basement attributes and the various differences caused by the constantly changing connotation and distribution ranges, this paper calls for strengthening the research on the division and evolution of Precambrian geological bodies in the middle section of the southern CAOB and attaching importance to the compilation of regional geologic maps.
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图 1 北山杂岩划分沿革示意及相关测试年龄
甘一、二区测队-甘肃省地质局第一、第二区域地质测量队，甘肃酒泉地矿调查队-甘肃省地质矿产局酒泉地质矿产调查队. 时间轴两侧分别为古生代证据和前寒武纪证据. 参考图件见尾注
Fig. 1. Historical schematic diagram of Beishan Complex research and related ages
图 2 北山杂岩（橙色框线表示）1∶20万区调解体情况图
前寒武纪地质体原始范围据1∶100万玉门幅地质图；解体后地质体据K4713~K4736等24幅1∶20万地质图（见尾注）. 解体后地质体仅表示原北山杂岩范围内为何物，未表示解体后地质体超出范围外的展布特征
Fig. 2. Geological map of the original Beishan Complex (orange boundary) after disintegration in 1∶200 000 geological survey
图 3 北山及邻区前寒武纪地质体及其年龄分布图
上角标字符为参考文献序号，数值为年龄（Ma），参考文献序号如下：（1）孙新春等（2005）；（2）聂凤军等（2004）；（3）Song et al.（2013a）；（4）牛文超等（2019）；（5）徐旭明等（2018）；（6）杨富林等（2016）；（7）张正平等（2017）；（8）刘雪敏等（2010）；（9~12）Song et al.（2013b）；（13）王红杰等（2022）；（14）Ao et al.（2016）；（15）卜涛等（2022）；（16~17）魏学平等（2000）；（18）范志伟（2015）；（19~23）Song et al.（2013a）；（24~26）Song et al.（2013b）；（27）Song et al.（2014）；（28）周海等（2018）；（29）王红杰等（2021）；（30~35）Huang et al.（2022）；（36）Song et al.（2013c）；（37~38）梅华林等（1998）；（39）Song et al.（2013a）；（40~41）余吉远等（2018）；（42）程海峰等（2017）；（43）Ao et al.（2016）；（44~48）Song et al.（2013c）；（49）左国朝等（1990）；（50）杨建国等（2010）；（51）Liu et al.（2011）；（52~56）Yuan et al.（2015）；（57）Saktura et al.（2017）；（58~59）Zong et al.（2017）；（60）梅华林等（1999）；（61~62）Liu et al.（2011）；（63）叶晓峰等（2013）；（64~66）Liu et al.（2015）；（67）Yuan et al.（2015）；（68）He et al.（2018）；（69~70）Soldner et al.（2019）；（71）于海峰等（2000）；（72）杨经绥等（2006）；（73）He et al.（2018）；（74~79）Li et al.（2023）；（80~81）李沅柏等（2021）；（82~84）Wang et al.（2021b）；（85）Wang et al.（2021a）；（86）李志琛（1994）；（87）桑海清等（1997）；（88~89）姜洪颖等（2013）；（90~96）Song et al.（2016）；（97）Yuan et al.（2015）；（98~101）Zheng et al.（2017）；（102~110）Zheng et al.（2021）；（111）贺振宇等（2015）；（112）Zong et al.（2017）；（113~121）Yuan et al.（2019）；（122~125）He et al.（2018）；（126）张遵忠等（2005）；（127）Wang et al.（2014）；（128~133）He et al.（2014）；（134~135）胡霭琴等（2010）；（136~137）Huang et al.（2014a）；（138）Liu et al.（2015）；（139~140）Huang et al.（2014b）；（141）Huang et al.（2014a）；（142）Zhang et al.（2016）；（143~144）马军等（2021）；（145~146）王振义等（2022）；（147）Wang et al.（2001）；（148）张少华（2019）；（149）周印章等（2013）；（150）吴春娇等（2022）；（151~153）Su et al.（2023）；（154）范超鹏（2017）；（155~159）Deng et al.（2022）；（160）Yu et al.（2022）；（161~163）史兴俊等（2016）；（164~165）卿芸（2010）；（168~171）Zhang et al.（2022）.部分数据未上图. 原北山杂岩范围参照《1：100万玉门幅地质图》（1964）. 图a底图据Xiao et al.（2010），图b据底图据《1∶100万中国天山及邻区地质图》（王洪亮等，2007）ⅸ、《1：100万中国西北区地质图》（徐学义等，2016）、Song et al.（2013a，2013b，2016）和王振义等（2022）修改.东天山地区的北山杂岩分布尚有争议.图中参引数据见附表1（参考文献序次相同）
Fig. 3. Geological Map of Precambrian geological bodies and their ages in Beishan and adjacent areas
图 4 中亚造山带南缘中段各地前寒武纪地质体剖面对比图
星星峡地区据星星峡幅1∶20万区域地质调查报告ⅹ，西尖山老君庙群据东涧泉和梧桐井等两幅1∶5万区域地质调查报告，东七一山等地的北山岩群据千条沟等五幅1∶5万区域地质调查报告和范志伟（2015），基东地区的北山岩群据基东等4幅1∶5万区域地质调查报告，标山的北山岩群据标山幅1∶5万地质图说明书，雅干南的北山岩群据王振义等（2022），详见参考文献尾注
Fig. 4. Comparison of Precambrian geological body profiles in various regions of the middle segment of the southern CAOB
图 5 北山及其邻近地块、克拉通前寒武纪岩石碎屑锆石年龄对比直方图
阿拉善地区的大地构造单元划分据（吴泰然和何国琦，1993），阿拉善地块指查干础鲁蛇绿混杂岩带以南地区；北山地区的大地构造单元划分据（Xiao et al.，2010），图5，6同此；a. 其他前寒武纪数据源自Chen et al.（2019）；Zhang et al.（2022），北山岩群数据据王振义等（2022）；b. 据宫江华等（2011）；Wu et al.（2014）；Gong et al.（2015）；牛鹏飞等（2019，2022b）；c. 据杨富林等（2016）；徐旭明等（2018）；d. 据Song et al.（2013c，2013b，2014）；Ao et al.（2016）；周海等（2018）；Huang et al.（2022）；王红杰等（2022）；北山杂岩和北山岩群数据据范志伟（2015）；Huang et al.（2022）；王红杰等（2022）；e. 据Liu et al.（2011）；Song et al.（2013c）；Ao et al.（2016）；程海峰等（2017）；余吉远等（2018）；f.据（Zheng et al.（2017，2021）；g.据李秋根等（2009）；He et al.（2014）；h.据Bingen et al.（2003）；Andersen et al.（2004）；Spencer et al.（2014）；i.转引自Wu et al.（2022）数据
Fig. 5. Comparison histograms of detrital zircon ages of Precambrian rocks in Beishan and its adjacent blocks and cratons
图 6 北山及其邻近地块、克拉通前寒武纪岩浆岩形成时代对比直方图
所有数据为样品个数，非锆石点数. 未统计全岩等时线数据和曾被认为前寒武纪形成现已修正为古生代年龄数据；a.阿拉善北部包括雅干构造带和珠斯楞-杭乌拉构造带，数据源自Wang et al.（2001）；周印章等（2013）；Zhang et al.（2016）；范超鹏（2017）；马军等（2021）；Deng et al.（2022）；Yu et al.（2022）；吴春娇等（2022）；b.据史兴俊等（2016）；c.数据转引自张建新和宫江华（2018）；牛鹏飞等（2022a）；d.据Ao et al.（2016）；牛文超等（2019），北山岩群据张正平等（2017）；e.据王红杰等（2021）；卜涛等（2022）；f.据胡霭琴等（2006）；Huang et al.（2014a）；Wang et al.（2014）；He et al.（2015）；Liu et al.（2015），部分转引自Huang et al.（2014a）；Wang et al.（2014）中数据；g.据梅华林等（1999）；于海峰等（2000）；杨经绥等（2006）；杨建国等（2010）；Liu et al.（2011）；叶晓峰等（2013）；Liu et al.（2015）；Yuan et al.（2015）；Saktura et al.（2017）；；Soldner et al.（2019）；Wang et al.（2021b，2021a）；李沅柏等（2021）；Li et al.（2023），北山杂岩数据据Zong et al.（2017），古堡泉地区相同岩性和相同位置的重复样品未剔除；h. 据姜洪颖等（2013）；贺振宇等（2015）；Yuan et al.（2015，2019）；He et al.（2018），其中北山杂岩数据引自姜洪颖等（2013）；贺振宇等（2015）；Yuan et al.（2019）；i. 转引自Wu et al.（2022）.相关数据见附表1
Fig. 6. Comparison histograms of formation age of Precambrian magmatic rocks in Beishan and its adjacent blocks and cratons
图 7 北山及其邻近地块Hf同位素对比图
纵轴均为εHf（t），横轴为锆石结晶年龄；a. 据Chen et al.（2019）；Deng et al.（2022），北山岩群据未发表数据；b. 据史兴俊等（2016）；c.据董春艳等（2007）；Dan et al.（2012）；宫江华等（2012）；包创等（2013）；Gong et al.（2015）；Niu et al.（2021）；d.据Wang et al.（2024）；e据周海等（2018）；卜涛等（2022）；Huang et al.（2022）；北山杂岩据Song et al.（2013a）；Huang et al.（2022）；f. 据Song et al.，（2013c）；叶晓峰等（2013）；Liu et al.（2015）；Yuan et al.（2015）；He et al.（2018）；Wang et al.（2021b）；g. 据Song et al.（2016）；He et al.（2018）；北山杂岩据姜洪颖等（2013）；贺振宇等（2015）；He et al.（2018）；Yuan et al.（2019）；h.据Wang et al.（2014）；He et al.（2014，2015）；Liu et al.（2015）；Huang et al.（2014a，2014b）；i.数据转引自Wu et al.（2022）；数据中的古生代锆石数据被删除
Fig. 7. Hf isotope comparison of Beishan and its adjacent blocks
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