The Metallogenic Age of Tangge Skarn-Type Copper-Lead-Zinc Deposit in Xizang: Constraints from Garnet U-Pb Geochronology
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摘要: 石榴子石原位U-Pb定年是近年来新发展的低U矿物同位素定年方法，目前已在矽卡岩矿床中广泛应用.首次报道了西藏唐格矽卡岩型铜铅锌矿床石榴子石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及微量元素组成，结合矿床石英斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄结果，对唐格矿床成岩成矿时代及过程进行了探讨.唐格石榴子石U-Pb年龄为65.5±3.9 Ma，石英斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄为68.1±0.9 Ma，限定了其成岩成矿时代为晚白垩世-古新世. 唐格石榴子石稀土配分曲线呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损，LREE/HREE比值为0.01~12.68，进一步可划分为两期石榴子石（GrtⅠ和GrtII），Eu异常由不明显（Eu/Eu*为0.87~0.94）向明显Eu正异常（Eu/Eu*为1.49~8.29）再向微弱Eu正异常（Eu/Eu*为0.67~1.83）变化，U平均含量先降低（GrtⅠ-1：1.14×10-6，GrtⅠ-2：0.65×10-6）后升高（GrtⅡ：2.34×10-6）都表明氧逸度先升高后降低. 第一期石榴子石核部（GrtⅠ-1）的Hf、Ta平均含量（8.84×10-6和0.52×10-6）均大于边部（GrtⅠ-2：1.60×10-6和0.23×10-6）和第二期石榴子石（GrtⅡ：1.47×10-6和0.37×10-6）平均含量，指示成矿过程由封闭状态转为开放、震荡的环境. 冈底斯成矿带同碰撞时期矽卡岩型矿床的成岩成矿年龄从西向东呈现由老变新的趋势，揭示了其火山活动具有穿时性，反映了印度-亚洲大陆不均匀碰撞的特征.唐格矿床为在南冈底斯带上新发现的同碰撞期矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床，将会为朱诺矿集区及周边乃至整个南冈底斯带找矿提供新方向.Abstract: In-situ U-Pb dating of garnet is a newly developed isotope dating method for low-U minerals recently, which has been widely used in skarn deposits study. In this paper, the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age and trace element compositions of garnet are reported for the first time in the Tangge skarn-type copper-lead-zinc deposit in Xizang. Combining with the results of zircon U-Pb dating of quartz porphyry, this study investigates the timing of magmatism and related mineralization and the ore-forming processes of the Tangge deposit. The garnet U-Pb age is 65.5±3.9 Ma, and the zircon U-Pb age of quartz porphyry is 68.1±0.9 Ma. These ages indicate both the granitic rocks and mineralization of the Tangge deposit were formed at Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene. The rare earth distribution patterns of garnet show an enrichment in light rare earth elements and depleted in heavy rare earth elements in the Tangge deposit with a LREE/HREE ratio is 0.01 to 12.68.Thegarnet can be further divided into two stages (Grt Ⅰ and Grt Ⅱ). The different Eu anomalies and average U contents in Grt Ⅰ and Grt Ⅱ indicate that the oxygen fugacity increases at first and then decreases. The average contents of Hf and Ta in the core of the first-stage garnet(GrtI-1) (8.84×10-6 and 0.52×10-6) are higher than those in the rim (GrtI-2:1.60×10-6 and 0.23×10-6), and in the second-stage garnet (GrtII: 1.47×10-6 and 0.37×10-6), indicating that the metallogenic environment changes from a relatively closed system to an open and oscillating one. The ore-forming age of the skarn-type deposits in the syn-collisional Gangdese metallogenic belt is gradually getting older from east to west, which reveals the diachronous volcanic activity and reflects the characteristics of uneven collision between the Indian continent and the Asia continent. The Tangge deposit is a newly discovered syn-collisional skarn-type copper polymetallic deposit in the South Gangdese, which will provide a new direction for mineral prospecting in the Zhunuo ore concentration area and its surrounding areas, and even in the entire South Gangdese.
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Key words:
- Garnet /
- U-Pb dating /
- skarn deposit /
- Tangge /
- Gangdese /
- geochemistry
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图 1 冈底斯成矿带地质矿产简图（据郑有业等，2021修编）
主要矽卡岩矿床年龄数据来源于Tang et al.（2009）；费光春等（2010）；Li et al.（2014）；Li et al.（2014）；Wanget al.（2015）；姜军胜（2018）；Zhang et al.（2019）；谢桂青等（2021）
Fig. 1. Mineral resources and geological map of the Gangdesebelt(modified after Zheng et al., 2021 revision)
图 2 唐格矿床地质简图（据多美曲Cu矿普查报告）
Fig. 2. Geological Map of the Tanggedeposit (according to the mineral survey report of the Duomeiqu Cu deposit)
图 3 唐格矿床典型的矿化特征
a.石榴子石矽卡岩中的石英-闪锌矿脉；b.星点状方铅矿，团块状磁黄铁矿发育于石榴子石矽卡岩中；c.石榴子石矽卡岩中的磁黄铁矿和少量的黄铁矿；d.黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铜矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿共生关系（反射光）；e.石榴子石被后期的绿帘石交代蚀变，后被石英-闪锌矿充填（单偏光）；f.石英斑岩样品ZK801. Q. 石英，Di. 辉石，Grt. 石榴子石，Chl. 绿泥石，Ep. 绿帘石，Cc. 方解石，Po. 磁黄铁矿，Py. 黄铁矿，Ccp. 黄铜矿，Sp. 闪锌矿，Ga. 方铅矿
Fig. 3. Typical mineralization characteristics of the Tangge deposit
图 4 唐格矿床石榴子石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果
Fig. 4. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results of garnet of the Tangge deposit
图 5 唐格矿床石榴子石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线
Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of garnet in the Tangge deposit
图 6 唐格矿床石英斑岩（D008-1）锆石阴极发光图像（a）和U-Pb谐和年龄图（b）
Fig. 6. Zircon cathodoluminescence image(a) and U-Pb harmonic age(b) of quartz porphyry(D008-1) in the Tangge deposit
图 7 唐格石榴子石矿物特征
a. 样品TG801-111中的石榴子石核部GrtⅠ-1与发育震荡环带的边部GrtⅠ-2，被辉石细脉穿切（正交偏光）；b.样品801-85中GrtⅠ-2石榴子石发育震荡环带，被石英、方解石和辉石交代，发育少量黄铁矿化（正交偏光）；c、d.样品TG001-70中石榴子石呈粒状，周围发育针状绿帘石化（正交偏光）；Di. 辉石；Cal. 方解石；Ep. 绿帘石；Qtz. 石英；Grt-石榴子石；Py. 黄铁矿
Fig. 7. Mineral characteristics of Tangge garnet
图 8 冈底斯成矿带同碰撞期矽卡岩矿床成岩成矿年龄
Fig. 8. Diagenetic and metallogenic ages of skarn deposits in syn-collisional period of Gangdese metallogenic belt
表 1 唐格矿床石榴子石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果（*为有效数据点）
Table 1. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data of garnet of the Tangge deposit(* abeled as valid data)
测点 元素含量(10-6) 同位素比值 编号 Th U $ \frac{{}^{207}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}}{{}^{206}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}} $ 1σ $ \frac{{}^{207}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}}{{}^{235}\mathrm{U}} $ 1σ $ \frac{{}^{206}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}}{{}^{238}\mathrm{U}} $ 1σ TG801-111-01* 0.02 0.20 0.84 0.11 165.21 26.92 1.57 0.24 TG801-111-02 0.03 0.31 0.83 0.11 22.50 2.09 0.22 0.02 TG801-111-03* 0.02 0.38 0.26 0.06 5.45 0.77 0.06 0.01 TG801-111-04 0.03 0.31 0.23 0.05 5.23 0.88 0.08 0.01 TG801-111-05 0.12 0.37 0.91 0.04 146.44 9.05 1.27 0.08 TG801-111-06 0.02 0.30 0.11 0.05 3.03 0.47 0.02 < 0.01 TG801-111-07 0.01 0.29 0.03 0.02 1.44 0.47 0.03 0.01 TG801-111-08 0.07 0.02 0.24 0.07 48.37 18.63 0.59 0.13 TG801-111-09* 1.65 0.71 0.86 0.03 106.79 4.39 0.93 0.04 TG801-111-10 0.04 0.41 0.88 0.09 27.15 2.22 0.28 0.02 TG801-111-11 0.02 0.47 0.03 0.02 1.00 0.56 0.02 < 0.01 TG801-111-12 0.03 0.36 0.91 0.11 20.33 1.48 0.18 0.02 TG801-85-13 1.64 2.38 0.84 0.01 142.28 2.87 1.24 0.02 TG801-85-14* 0.17 1.04 0.94 0.13 7.27 0.59 0.07 0.01 TG801-85-15* 0.27 1.40 0.63 0.09 3.38 0.29 0.04 < 0.01 TG801-85-16 0.05 0.91 0.98 0.06 30.56 2.54 0.28 0.02 TG801-85-17 0.02 0.69 0.94 0.05 60.77 2.46 0.52 0.02 TG801-85-18* 0.24 1.41 0.85 0.05 24.35 2.64 0.22 0.02 TG801-85-19 0.24 1.42 0.65 0.09 2.51 0.20 0.03 < 0.01 TG801-85-20* 0.01 1.05 0.99 0.15 12.99 1.15 0.12 0.01 TG801-85-21 0.03 0.82 0.06 0.02 0.83 0.13 0.02 < 0.01 TG801-85-22 0.03 0.83 1.08 0.14 12.55 1.03 0.11 0.01 TG801-85-23* 0.03 0.76 0.07 0.03 1.53 0.23 0.03 < 0.01 TG801-85-24* 0.04 0.67 0.52 0.08 8.75 1.45 0.08 0.01 TG801-85-25* 0.04 0.72 0.96 0.07 40.69 2.19 0.37 0.02 TG801-85-26* 0.06 0.76 0.84 0.06 35.35 2.91 0.32 0.02 TG801-85-27 0.18 1.23 0.81 0.03 44.72 1.49 0.42 0.01 TG801-85-28 0.13 1.05 0.81 0.10 8.12 0.64 0.08 0.01 TG001-70-29* 0.36 1.40 0.81 0.09 5.18 0.51 0.05 < 0.01 TG001-70-30* 0.63 2.46 0.20 0.04 0.65 0.08 0.02 < 0.01 TG001-70-31* 0.96 2.66 0.83 0.07 7.55 0.65 0.08 0.01 TG001-70-32* 0.58 1.79 0.91 0.06 15.66 0.71 0.14 0.01 TG001-70-33* 0.59 1.52 0.84 0.10 5.26 0.34 0.05 < 0.01 TG001-70-34* 0.62 1.87 0.43 0.07 1.92 0.15 0.03 < 0.01 TG001-70-35 0.82 3.20 0.28 0.06 0.53 0.07 0.01 < 0.01 TG001-70-36* 0.79 3.18 0.16 0.03 0.38 0.06 0.01 < 0.01 TG001-70-37* 0.78 3.01 0.54 0.07 1.67 0.21 0.02 < 0.01 TG001-70-38 0.69 2.89 0.97 0.11 7.57 0.52 0.07 < 0.01 TG001-70-39* 0.64 2.51 0.18 0.05 0.69 0.14 0.02 < 0.01 TG001-70-40 0.62 2.31 0.68 0.09 3.36 0.28 0.04 < 0.01 TG001-70-41 0.68 2.19 1.01 0.07 21.32 1.54 0.19 0.01 TG001-70-42* 0.80 3.66 0.70 0.06 2.65 0.14 0.03 < 0.01 TG001-70-43 0.09 0.46 0.33 0.06 5.84 1.04 0.09 0.01 TG001-70-44* 0.50 1.93 0.38 0.07 1.14 0.12 0.02 < 0.01 TG001-70-45* 0.77 2.05 0.14 0.05 0.51 0.13 0.01 < 0.01 TG001-70-46* 0.70 1.94 0.07 0.02 0.25 0.05 0.01 < 0.01 TG001-70-47 1.37 2.06 0.52 0.05 9.59 0.98 0.10 0.01 TG001-70-48 0.58 1.84 0.12 0.04 0.56 0.09 0.01 < 0.01 TG001-70-49* 0.52 2.03 0.14 0.04 0.67 0.07 0.01 < 0.01 TG001-70-50 0.74 3.61 0.89 0.07 9.02 0.52 0.08 < 0.01 TG001-70-51* 0.74 3.61 0.85 0.07 5.49 0.37 0.06 < 0.01 TG001-70-52 2.50 1.95 1.06 0.14 12.14 0.76 0.11 0.01 TG001-70-53 0.67 2.03 0.86 0.04 18.25 1.02 0.16 0.01 TG001-70-54* 0.69 1.88 0.07 0.03 0.33 0.08 0.01 < 0.01 TG001-70-55 0.87 1.90 0.83 0.06 11.37 0.74 0.12 0.01 TG001-70-56 0.90 2.06 0.92 0.07 13.14 0.87 0.12 0.01 
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表 2 唐格石榴子石LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析结果（10-6）
Table 2. LA-ICP-MS results of garnet contents of trace elements from the Tangge deposit(10-6)
样品 点号 Ti Nb La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Pb Th U GrtⅠ-1 TG801-111 1 9 289.4 9.9 4.7 14.8 45.0 132.3 342.5 311.1 327.2 238.6 206.4 134.5 120.5 87.4 93.3 70.8 0.2 0.2 2.8 1.6 0.7 TG801-85 2 13 261.9 2.2 1.2 9.0 29.3 88.3 280.2 308.9 428.4 435.0 534.0 497.4 561.1 473.1 551.7 472.1 11.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 3 18 915.0 5.5 1.0 7.0 23.7 77.1 248.0 275.0 335.9 325.6 371.7 330.1 352.0 290.8 341.1 287.1 11.9 0.9 < 0.1 0.3 1.4 4 18 824.6 5.3 0.8 5.8 20.9 68.3 225.1 259.2 329.0 319.1 369.8 322.1 349.7 293.3 337.4 281.6 11.6 0.8 0.7 0.2 1.4 GrtⅠ-2 TG801-111 1 4 070.4 17.4 0.1 0.1 1.2 8.4 51.1 69.6 42.1 26.4 23.0 15.2 16.2 11.5 13.7 12.9 2.2 0.3 1.0 < 0.1 0.2 2 2 483.0 9.2 0.0 0.3 1.8 14.5 72.2 93.1 39.5 19.5 16.1 10.2 10.3 7.1 9.2 7.6 3.3 0.2 0.2 < 0.1 0.4 TG801-85 3 824.6 1.6 0.0 0.8 4.3 16.9 23.0 58.0 7.0 3.8 3.3 2.4 2.1 1.4 1.2 1.5 0.7 < 0.1 0.4 < 0.1 1.1 4 1 186.0 1.9 0.0 0.9 4.8 13.9 9.1 51.9 3.4 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.2 2.4 1.7 0.5 0.1 0.0 < 0.1 0.8 5 2 961.0 4.3 0.1 0.8 4.5 12.1 9.3 35.8 4.9 4.2 5.1 4.1 4.8 4.3 4.6 3.9 1.2 0.2 0.4 < 0.1 0.7 6 2 004.7 3.2 0.1 0.9 4.6 14.2 10.8 39.9 4.8 3.9 3.9 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.5 2.7 0.8 0.2 0.9 < 0.1 0.7 7 7 560.1 9.5 0.1 0.9 4.3 12.2 10.0 24.6 8.1 7.5 8.6 8.9 9.6 7.7 10.3 8.7 2.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.8 Grt Ⅱ TG001-70 1 3 759.6 7.7 0.5 5.0 22.0 47.1 41.4 31.5 27.0 15.8 14.7 9.6 10.6 8.8 10.9 11.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.4 2 1 728.4 2.8 1.2 10.8 38.1 67.0 35.3 35.2 16.5 9.5 8.4 7.7 7.8 8.1 9.9 9.9 0.4 0.1 < 0.1 0.6 2.5 3 3 315.1 2.6 1.3 11.3 40.4 75.7 50.5 43.5 33.4 27.0 30.1 28.1 31.7 30.5 38.7 39.1 1.2 0.4 0.4 1.0 2.7 4 1 811.6 3.3 0.7 8.0 33.6 64.5 29.8 34.9 11.6 6.9 5.8 4.4 6.0 5.8 6.5 5.6 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.8 5 2 520.5 11.0 0.5 6.3 27.2 63.1 47.0 35.9 21.2 11.9 10.9 7.8 8.7 8.2 9.6 10.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.5 6 2 928.9 8.1 0.9 8.2 31.3 61.3 36.4 35.2 20.1 11.9 11.2 9.2 10.5 9.0 12.5 13.6 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.6 1.9 7 159.4 0.7 1.7 14.6 47.8 79.9 32.6 35.3 10.8 5.9 5.5 4.4 5.4 5.4 7.6 7.5 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.8 3.2 8 164.7 0.8 1.5 14.0 46.1 76.1 29.3 36.2 10.3 5.7 4.5 4.2 4.9 3.9 6.7 7.0 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.1 0.8 3.0 9 1 717.4 2.8 1.1 10.9 38.0 67.9 37.5 35.0 16.3 9.7 7.9 6.7 7.0 7.1 9.8 9.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.6 2.5 10 63.3 0.3 1.9 16.9 57.1 91.3 36.8 41.8 19.9 16.9 20.7 21.8 33.3 37.4 57.6 74.0 0.1 < 0.1 0.5 0.8 3.7 11 14 623.4 13.9 0.3 2.4 11.3 33.0 42.6 24.1 29.1 21.1 18.2 12.5 11.9 9.3 10.1 8.6 4.1 1.5 < 0.1 0.5 1.9 12 8 974.0 12.6 0.3 3.4 15.9 47.3 46.4 32.1 17.3 8.7 5.6 3.9 4.9 4.8 5.8 6.1 5.6 1.1 < 0.1 0.8 2.0 13 8 059.5 11.2 0.3 3.3 16.2 47.5 42.8 30.5 16.1 7.5 5.6 3.7 4.7 4.3 5.4 5.3 4.9 0.8 < 0.1 0.7 1.9 14 384.9 1.5 0.6 6.2 29.6 73.5 42.4 44.8 10.2 3.3 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.5 2.0 15 62.0 0.3 1.8 16.6 54.1 86.4 33.7 39.0 19.6 16.1 18.0 19.4 24.9 28.7 45.4 55.6 0.1 < 0.1 0.7 0.7 3.6 16 8 049.8 11.2 0.3 3.2 15.6 45.3 45.3 29.5 17.0 8.3 5.5 3.6 3.7 4.2 5.4 4.7 4.7 0.9 < 0.1 0.7 1.9
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表 3 唐格石英斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb分析结果
Table 3. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data of ziron from the quartz porphyry in Tangge ore district
点号 元素含量（10-6） Th/U 同位素比值 年龄（Ma） Th U 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ 207Pb/235U ±1σ 206Pb/238U ±1σ 1 474 473 1.00 0.066 0 0.006 6 0.010 0 0.000 2 64.9 6.2 64.4 1.1 2 593 723 0.82 0.068 7 0.004 4 0.010 5 0.000 1 67.4 4.2 67.6 0.9 3 466 272 1.71 0.070 3 0.010 4 0.010 6 0.000 2 69.0 9.8 67.7 1.6 4 336 226 1.49 0.072 4 0.010 9 0.011 1 0.000 3 71.0 10.3 70.9 1.6 5 639 674 0.95 0.185 5 0.008 3 0.012 6 0.000 2 172.7 7.1 80.7 1.3 6 338 253 1.34 0.067 4 0.010 1 0.010 4 0.000 2 66.2 9.6 66.5 1.3 7 162 158 1.02 0.067 3 0.015 3 0.010 4 0.000 3 66.2 14.5 66.9 2.2 8 165 163 1.01 0.071 1 0.014 0 0.011 0 0.000 3 69.7 13.3 70.4 1.8 9 191 190 1.01 0.070 9 0.012 9 0.010 7 0.000 3 69.6 12.2 68.8 1.6 10 220 189 1.16 0.071 5 0.010 9 0.011 0 0.000 2 70.2 10.4 70.3 1.4 11 486 365 1.33 0.085 5 0.008 5 0.013 3 0.000 2 83.3 7.9 85.2 1.6 12 180 173 1.04 0.145 6 0.015 3 0.011 3 0.000 3 138.1 13.6 72.5 1.8 13 189 146 1.30 13.324 5 0.909 6 0.124 5 0.007 7 2 702.9 64.5 756.2 44.2 14 158 151 1.04 0.080 1 0.015 2 0.012 1 0.000 4 78.2 14.3 77.4 2.3 15 274 202 1.36 0.073 2 0.014 5 0.011 3 0.000 3 71.8 13.7 72.4 1.8 16 368 305 1.20 0.072 6 0.008 0 0.011 1 0.000 2 71.2 7.6 70.9 1.4 17 124 267 0.46 0.726 3 0.034 8 0.083 9 0.003 2 554.4 20.5 519.3 18.9
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