Magnetic Property Study of Australasian Tektites from South China
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摘要: 地外天体物质的高速撞击深刻地影响着地球系统各个圈层的协同演化. 撞击过程产生了广泛分布的气化、熔融和冲击变质物质，其中，一部分飞行距离超过母坑半径五倍的气化和熔融物快速冷却形成远撞击溅射玻璃（tektites）. 远撞击溅射玻璃是极端高温高压环境的忠实记录者，其蕴含的磁性信号是研究撞击过程、撞击体和靶体物质的关键信息. 澳大利亚-亚洲散布区（Australasian strewn field；AASF）是目前已知面积最大（~1×108 km2）、时代最新（78.8万年前）的远撞击溅射玻璃散布区. 该散布区是一颗小行星或彗星自北向南倾斜撞击地表的产物，形成的tektites和microtektites主要分布在下靶区方向（中南半岛-澳大利亚-南极洲及其毗邻地区）. 但是，形成澳亚散布区的母坑至今仍未被发现，探索该母坑及其地质响应是地球和行星科学领域的重要科学问题.华南属于澳亚散布区的上靶区，区内存在丰富的tektites，它们是解译本次大型撞击过程、追溯母坑位置的重要载体，但其研究程度相对较低.我们近年来对采自广东省、广西壮族自治区和海南省的tektites进行了系统的岩石磁学研究.结果表明：华南tektites具有显著的顺磁性信号和微弱的铁磁性信号；在整个澳亚散布区内，华南芒农型tektites的磁化率最低，飞溅型tektites的天然剩磁强度和饱和等温剩磁强度最低；矿物包裹体的晶体学研究发现，华南芒农型tektites中存在纳米级磁铁矿颗粒，与检测到的单畴或假单畴磁铁矿信号吻合.本研究提出撞击熔体受到的冲击程度和经历的冷却历史影响着磁性颗粒的含量和粒径变化，进而控制了不同地区和不同类型AASF tektites磁性信号的差异表达. 相同形态类型的AASF tektites的磁性信号变化范围较大，而单块样品内部的磁性信号较均一，表明厘米级熔体具有相同的原岩组分并经历了相似的热历史. 本研究证明磁学性质是揭示AASF tektites形成过程的重要线索，是探寻其母坑方位的新线索，也为计划中的月球和火星表面采样返回探测有望采集的撞击玻璃的成因分析提供了比较行星学样本.Abstract: Hypervelocity impact of extra-terrestrial materials is one of the key controlling factors in the evolution of the Earth system. Impact cratering produces wide spread vaporized, molten and shock metamorphic materials. Tektites, part of distal impact ejecta that are located at more than five radii of the source crater, are quenched from vaporized and molten materials during flight. Tektites are faithful recorders of extreme high-temperature and high-pressure environments, and their magnetic signatures are key information for decoding impact cratering process. The Australasian strewn field (AASF) is the largest (~1×108 km2) and youngest (788, 000 years ago) Cenozoic strewn field of tektites and microtektites on Earth, but its source crater is undiscovered yet. AASF tektites formed in an oblique impact from north to south, and the majority of AASF tektites are distributed in the downrange area, i.e., the Indochina Peninsula-Australia-Antarctica and their adjacent areas. South China is part of the uprange area of this strewn field and tektites from this area are insufficiently studied compared to those from the rest of the strewn field. Here, we present rock magnetism study of AASF tektites from Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan Provinces. The results show that AASF tektites from South China are dominated by significant paramagnetic signals, and weak ferromagnetic signals are detected. In the entire strewn field, splash-form tektites from South China exhibit the lowest natural remanent magnetization, and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization, and Muong Nong-type tektites from South China exhibit the lowest magnetic susceptibility. Crystallographic investigation of mineral inclusions reveals the presence of nanoscale magnetite particles in Muong Nong-type AASF tektites from South China, consistent with the detected signals of pseudo-single domain magnetite. This study suggests that observed heterogeneous magnetic properties are mainly caused by the different contents and sizes of magnetic particles, which can be explained by the different shock level and/or cooling history of the tektite-forming melts. Although magnetic properties of AASF tektites in different regions show large variations, individual specimens of AASF tektites from South China have relatively homogeneous magnetic properties, indicating that impact melt that formed each tektite specimen had similar compositions and experienced similar thermal history. This study demonstrates the feasibility of rock magnetic studies in untangling formation processes of AASF tektites, and it is an important reference to the search of the potential source crater.
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Key words:
- tektites /
- rock magnetism /
- Australasian strewn field /
- impact cratering /
- South China /
- planetary geology
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图 1 新生代远撞击溅射玻璃散布区和澳亚散布区远撞击溅射玻璃的形态.
a.5个新生代远撞击溅射玻璃散布区(黑色虚线)及其母坑(黑点). 澳亚散布区母坑未标注，红点代表最近在南极洲SørRondane山脉发现的澳亚微撞击玻璃球粒(Soens et al., 2021)；b.圆饼状华南飞溅型tektites，采自广东省；c.椭球状华南飞溅型tektites，采自广东省；d.泪滴状华南飞溅型tektites，采自广东省; e.钩状华南飞溅型tektites，采自广东省; f.树皮状华南飞溅型tektites，采自广东省; g.刀状华南飞溅型tektites，采自广东省; h.具有空气动力学形态的华南芒农型tektites，采自海南省; i. 华南芒农型tektites，采自海南省，发育层状构造
Fig. 1. Major Cenozoic strewn fields on Earth and morphology of tektites and microtektites from Australasian strewn field
图 2 华南澳亚远撞击溅射玻璃分布及其在地层中的赋存状态
a. 澳亚远撞击溅射玻璃在华南和中南半岛的分布情况. 红色圆点和白色方框为本研究野外调查得到的点位. 紫色圆点代表澳亚远撞击溅射玻璃在广西壮族自治区百色盆地的点位，引自Hou et al.（2000）. 中南半岛的样品点位引自Schnetzler et al.（1988）；b，c. 华南飞溅型tektites在北海组中的赋存状态；d，e. 芒农型tektites在北海组中的赋存状态
Fig. 2. Distribution and stratigraphic occurrences of Australasian tektites from South China
图 3 华南样品与5个新生代散布区远撞击溅射玻璃的主量元素含量对比
华南澳亚远撞击玻璃已发表主量元素数据引自李昌年（1984）、张虎男等（1991）、黄志涛（1995）、杨瑞瑛和樊琪诚（1995）、Ho and Chen（1996）、Lee et al.（2004）、Lin et al.（2011）；澳亚散布区数据引自Chapman and Scheiber（1969）、Ackerman et al.（2020）；中欧散布区数据引自Philpotts and Pinson（1966）、von Engelhardt et al.（2005）；象牙海岸散布区数据引自Cuttitta et al.（1972）、Koeberl et al.（1997）；北美散布区数据引自Albin et al.（2000）；伯利兹散布区数据引自Koeberl et al.（2022）
Fig. 3. Comparison of the contents of major elements for tektite samples from South China and those from the five major types of Cenozoic strewn
图 4 华南澳亚芒农型远撞击溅射玻璃中的载磁矿物
a.铁硫球粒（HN-212）扫描电镜图像，来自一枚华南芒农型tektites. 根据Pan et al.（2023a）修改；b，c. 铁硫球粒聚焦离子束（Focused ion beam）剖面的铁元素和硫元素面扫图像，透射电镜下可见大量纳米级磁铁矿微晶. 白色图框指示图4d的边界. 根据Pan et al.（2023b）修改；d~f. 磁铁矿与陨硫铁的接触关系. 黄色箭头所指晶体为磁铁矿，其他区域为陨硫铁. 黄色图框指示晶体结构分析区域；g，h. Area 1指示磁铁矿晶体结构分析结果，Area 2指示陨硫铁晶体结构分析结果；i. Area 3指示磁铁矿晶体结构分析结果；j.铁硫球粒（MNL）剖面的磁铁矿粒径统计结果，N代表统计的磁铁矿晶体个数；k.铁硫球粒（HN-212）剖面的磁铁矿粒径统计结果. 根据Pan et al.（2023b）修改
Fig. 4. Magnetic carriers in Muong Nong-type tektites from South China
图 5 华南芒农型tektites的剩磁强度随温度的变化
a~c. 零场冷却曲线（zero-field warming curves，ZFC）和有场冷却曲线（the field warming curves，FC）. 蓝色曲线代表有场冷却曲线的一阶导数变化. 根据Pan et al.（2023a）修改；d~f. 天然剩磁强度在高温下的变化. 蓝色曲线代表剩磁强度的一阶导数变化. 根据Pan et al.（2023b）修改
Fig. 5. Remanent magnetization intensity variations under low- and high-temperature treatments for Muong Nong-type tektites from South China
图 6 华南tektites的室温磁滞回线和低温交流磁化率
a~c. 华南飞溅型tektites的室温磁滞回线（未进行顺磁性校正），M是磁化强度（Magnetization）的缩写；d~f华南芒农型tektites的室温磁滞回线（未进行顺磁性校正），根据Pan et al.（2023a）修改；g~i. 分别在1 Hz和100 Hz频率下测量的华南飞溅型tektites的低温交流磁化率；j~l. 分别在1 Hz（黑色圆点）和100 Hz（红色叉号）频率下测量的华南芒农型tektites的低温交流磁化率；χ，指in-phase磁化率
Fig. 6. Hysteresis loops measured at room temperature and low-temperature magnetic susceptibility for Australasian tektites from South China
图 7 华南tektites的剩磁信号
a，b. 左侧为顺磁性校正后的华南芒农型和飞溅型tektites的室温磁滞回线. 右侧为顺磁性校正前的磁滞回线结果. M是磁化强度（Magnetization）的缩写. c. 华南芒农型和飞溅型tektites的等温剩磁逐步获得曲线；d. 华南和中南半岛芒农型tektites的磁滞参数比率. 剩磁矫顽力（Coercivity of remanence）=Bcr，矫顽力（Coercivity）=Bc，饱和剩余磁化强度（saturation remanence）=Mrs，饱和磁化强度（saturation magnetization）=Ms. 中南半岛样品数据引自Gattacceca et al.（2022）和Werner and Borradaile（1998）；e. 华南芒农型tektites的非磁滞剩磁随交变场的变化；f. 华南飞溅型tektites的饱和等温剩磁随交变场的变化. 根据Pan et al.（2023a）修改
Fig. 7. Hysteresis loops measured at room temperature and low-temperature magnetic susceptibility for Australasian tektites from South China
图 8 不同区域的澳亚散布区tektites的磁性信号对比
a.低频磁化率；b. 天然剩磁与饱和等温剩磁，实线代表天然剩磁与饱和等温剩磁的比值（NRM/SIRM）. 根据Pan et al.（2023a）修改
Fig. 8. Comparisons of magnetic signals for Australasian tektites at different areas
图 9 华南tektites平行样品的磁性信号
a，b. 华南飞溅型tektites平行样品的磁化率、天然剩磁（NRM）、饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）、NRM/SIRM；c，d. 华南芒农型tektites平行样品的磁化率、天然剩磁（NRM）、饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）、天然剩磁和饱和等温剩磁的比率（NRM/SIRM）. 根据Pan et al.（2023b）修改
Fig. 9. Magnetic properties of parallel subsamples across individual specimens of splash-form and Muong Nong-Type tektites from South China
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