Revisiting North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Modern Ocean
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摘要: 北太平洋中层水是北太平洋最大的原生水体，是目前发现的北太平洋表层与底层水发生交换的唯一通道，因此认识北太平洋中层水生成和传输过程是理解北太平洋垂向水交换及其环流结构的必要一环. 同时，北太平洋中层水的水体特征和环流结构在“海-气-冰”耦合系统内显著影响全球碳循环系统和海洋生态系统，进而可能改变全球气候变暖进程. 围绕北太平洋中层水的物理海洋学研究主要从20世纪70年代开始，已有研究多依赖走航断面和站点数据，少部分结合数值模拟方法. 本文对已有的北太平洋中层水研究工作进行了综述，进而提出继续深化对北太平洋中层水的研究包括如下几个方面：北太平洋中层环流系统趋势和“季节性-年际-年代际”振荡的特征识别；北太平洋中层环流系统对大气环流和上层海洋过程的响应机制研究；北太平洋中层环流系统稳定性及对气候变暖的反馈机制研究.Abstract: North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) is the largest water mass that originates in the North Pacific Ocean, and the process of NPIW formation acts as the only channel that links surface and the deep water in the North Pacific. Within the atmosphere-ocean coupled system, vertical mixture and ventilation process associated with NPIW circulation plays critical roles in changing marine carbon cycle and marine ecosystem, thus important to understand the global warming and its future projection. Physical oceanographic studies of NPIW have been performed mainly since the 1970s. Most of existing studies about NPIW rely on cruise section and CTD data, in combination of numerical simulation. In this work, we provide a review about the studies about the modern NPIW to constrain the problems and prospects: To characterize a tendency and variability across Seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales in the modern NPIW; To explore physics of NPIW in response to atmosphere and upper ocean processes; To explore stability of NPIW and its feedback to the global warming.
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图 1 NPIW的核心密度（虚线）和核心盐度（实线）的范围（基于ARGO气候态数据）
a. 160ºE盐度断面；b. 30ºN盐度断面；c. 160ºE位势温度断面；d. 30ºN位势温度断面；e. 160ºE位势密度断面；f. 30ºN位势密度断面. 其中实线为NPIW的核心盐度，虚线为NPIW的核心密度；据Roemmich and Gilson（2009）
Fig. 1. The core ranges of density(solid) and salinity(dashed) for NPIW (based on ARGO climatic mean data)
图 2 已有研究对NPIW的密度和盐度的定义范围
其中灰色粗线为本文定义的NPIW核心密度范围和盐度范围
Fig. 2. The ranges of density and salinity for NPIW defined by previous studies
图 3 已有对NPIW的研究主要选取的航次断面或研究区域
a. 已有对NPIW的研究主要选取的航次断面（实线）或研究区域（虚线）的所在位置；b. 已有NPIW的研究主要使用数据的季节（气候态平均：黑色；春季：绿色；夏季：红色；秋季：橙色；冬季：蓝色）
Fig. 3. Cruise sections or survey regions (dashed) for NPIW used in previous studies
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