Abstract: (Objective) To study the distribution characteristics of microbial communities in magma-heated high-temperature hot springs and their response to environmental changes, (Methods) fourteen samples were collected from three hot springs (HMZ, LP01 and QQ) and their flow paths in Tengchong, Yunnan Province. The physical and chemical parameters and amplicon sequencing for 16S rRNA genes were measured, and the relationship between microbial communities and environmental factors was elucidated. (Results) The three hot springs had different dominant taxa at genus level: Thermus, Hydrogenobacter, Caldimicrobium, and Fervidobacterium in HMZ and its flow path, Candidatus_Caldiarchaeum, Ignavibacterium, and Thermodesulfovibrio in LP01 and its flow path, and Candidatus_Nitrosocaldus, Chloroflexus, Meiothermus, Ralstonia, and Gemmata in QQ and its flow path. The canonical correspondence analysis result showed that the basic physical and chemical parameters (i.e., temperature and sulfide), major elements (i.e., Mg, Ca, and K), and trace elements (i.e., W, Al, Ba, Rb, Li, and Cs) of hot springs were the controlling factors for the microbial communities (P < 0.05). The variance partitioning analysis further demonstrated their interpretational proportions by 21.07%, 6.69%, and 6.24%, respectively with a co-interpretational proportion by 7.32% and a total proportion of environmental factors by 41.32%. (Conclusion) The hydrochemical parameters of magma-heated high-temperature hot springs in Tengchong have promoted the succession of dominant microbial taxa to some extent.