Characteristics of Microbial Communities and Controlling Environmental Factor Identification in Magma-Heated High-Temperature Hot Springs
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摘要: 探究微生物群落在岩浆热源型高温热泉的分布特征及其对环境变化响应，选取云南腾冲3处热泉及其流径上的14个样品，对样点进行物化指标测定和16S rRNA基因扩增子测序，并分析微生物群落与环境因子之间的相关性.3处热泉在属水平上具有不同的优势类群，蛤蟆嘴及其流径为Thermus、Hydrogenobacter、Caldimicrobium和Fervidobacterium；朗蒲及其流径为Candidatus_Caldiarchaeum、Ignavibacterium和Thermodesulfovibrio；桥泉及其流径为Candidatus_Nitrosocaldus、Chloroflexus、Meiothermus、Ralstonia和Gemmata.典范对应分析结果表明热泉中基本物化参数（T和S（-II））、主量元素（Mg、Ca和K）和微量元素（W、Al、Ba、Rb、Li和Cs）对微生物群落影响显著（P < 0.05，方差分解分析结果表明它们的解释量分别为21.07%、6.69%和6.24%，共同解释量为7.32%，环境因子解释量总计41.32%.云南腾冲岩浆热源型热泉的水化学组成差异在一定程度上驱动了微生物优势类群发生演替.Abstract: To study the distribution characteristics of microbial communities in magma-heated high-temperature hot springs and their response to environmental changes, fourteen samples were collected from three hot springs (HMZ, LP01 and QQ) and their flow paths in Tengchong, Yunnan Province. The physical and chemical parameters and amplicon sequencing for 16S rRNA genes were measured, and the relationship between microbial communities and environmental factors was elucidated. The three hot springs had different dominant taxa at genus level: Thermus, Hydrogenobacter, Caldimicrobium, and Fervidobacterium in HMZ and its flow path, Candidatus_Caldiarchaeum, Ignavibacterium, and Thermodesulfovibrio in LP01 and its flow path, and Candidatus_Nitrosocaldus, Chloroflexus, Meiothermus, Ralstonia, and Gemmata in QQ and its flow path. The canonical correspondence analysis results show that the basic physical and chemical parameters (i.e., temperature and sulfide), major elements (i.e., Mg, Ca, and K), and trace elements (i.e., W, Al, Ba, Rb, Li, and Cs) of hot springs were the controlling factors for the microbial communities (P < 0.05). The variance partitioning analysis further demonstrated their interpretational proportions by 21.07%, 6.69%, and 6.24%, respectively with a co-interpretational proportion by 7.32% and a total proportion of environmental factors by 41.32%. The hydrochemical parameters of magma-heated high-temperature hot springs in Tengchong have promoted the succession of dominant microbial taxa to some extent.
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图 1 腾冲热泉样品Piper三线图
Fig. 1. Piper diagram of the hot spring samples collected from Tengchong
图 2 腾冲热泉样品微量元素浓度箱线图（单位：μg/L）
Fig. 2. Box plots of concentrations of trace elements in the hot spring samples collected from Tengchong (unit: μg/L)
图 3 腾冲热泉样品门水平的物种组成
Fig. 3. Phylum-level distribution of microbes in the hot spring samples collected from Tengchong
图 4 腾冲热泉样品属水平微生物的相对丰度热图
单元格内颜色表示经过log2（x+1）转换的丰度，x为物种相对丰度
Fig. 4. Heatmap of relative abundance of genus-level microbes in the hot spring samples collected from Tengchong
图 5 腾冲热泉样品微生物群落的PCoA分析
Fig. 5. PCoA analysis of microbial communities in the hot spring samples collected from Tengchong
图 6 腾冲热泉样品微生物群落的Alpha多样性分析
Fig. 6. Alpha diversity index analysis of microbial communities in the hot spring samples collected from Tengchong
图 7 环境因子与微生物群落的CCA分析
Fig. 7. Canonical correspondence analysis between environmental factors and microbial communities
图 8 环境因子与属水平微生物的Spearman相关性分析
Fig. 8. Spearman analysis between environmental factors and genus-level microbes
图 9 基本物化参数、主量元素和微量元素对微生物群落组成贡献VPA图
Fig. 9. VPA plot of the contribution of basic physical and chemical parameters, major elements, and trace elements to microbial communities
表 1 样品采集信息和基本物化参数
Table 1. Information of sampling points and basic physical and chemical parameters
编号 位置 T
(℃)pH Eh
(mV)EC
(μS/cm)TDS
(mg/L)Fe(II)
(mg/L)S(-II)
(mg/L)碱度CaCO3 (mg/L) HMZ 蛤蟆嘴 97 9.20 -135 1 881 994.1 0 0.78 595 HMZ-D1 蛤蟆嘴流径1 80 8.82 -112.7 2 028 1 018 0 0.25 575 HMZ-D2 蛤蟆嘴流径2 70 8.86 -111.4 2 077 1 024 0 0.19 615 HMZ-D3 蛤蟆嘴流径3 64 8.85 -113.7 2 089 1 030 0 0.19 615 LP01 郎蒲 95 8.32 -135.2 2 607 1 280 0.04 0.05 1 260 LP01-D1 郎蒲流径1 80 8.62 -77.8 2 937 1 453 0 0.04 1 240 LP01-D2 郎蒲流径2 72 8.36 11.9 2 940 1 442 0.04 0.02 1 230 LP01-D3 郎蒲流径3 61 8.27 131.3 2 926 1 450 0 0.03 1 305 LP01-D4 郎蒲流径4 50 8.35 174.8 2 878 1 412 0 0 1 340 LP01-D5 郎蒲流径5 40 8.51 99.1 2 522 1 243 0 0 1 290 QQ 桥泉 74 7.03 -2.8 1 683 826.1 0 0.02 345 QQ-D1 桥泉流径1 65 7.51 -32.4 1 701 833.8 0 0 330 QQ-D2 桥泉流径2 55 8.09 -66.8 1 704 835.4 0.04 0 345 QQ-D3 桥泉流径3 50 8.29 -77 1 713 839.9 0 0 350 
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