Development Direction of Offshore Seismic Exploration Technology
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摘要: 随着近海油气勘探程度的不断深入，中浅层构造型油气藏占比大幅减少，深水、中深层、超浅层、潜山、岩性和复杂构造领域已成为油气增储上产新的增长极，对地震勘探技术提出新的挑战.为破解这些复杂领域的地质难题，基于变观测系统的小面元、高覆盖、超长偏移距、宽/多方位节点等地震采集方式不断涌现，作业方式变得越发复杂，在提升复杂地质条件下地震资料品质的同时，也带来了采集成本的大幅攀升.践行价值勘探开发理念，通过海洋地震勘探技术创新降低采集成本，引领油气高质量发展迫在眉睫.介绍了主要几种国内外海洋经济高效地震采集技术，重点分析了海洋地震勘探技术发展现状、应用成效及前景.在改善海洋地震资料品质、提高采集作业效率的同时，降低采集成本，发展经济技术一体化海洋地震勘探技术，推动产业高质量发展，实现价值勘探开发.Abstract: With the deepening of offshore oil and gas exploration in China, the proportion of tectonic oil and gas reservoirs has decreased significantly, and complex fields such as deep layer, buried hill, and lithology have become new growth poles in the searching of offshore oil and gas. This poses a new challenge to seismic exploration technology. In order to solve the geological problems in these complex fields, seismic acquisition methods such as small bins, high folds, ultra-long offsets, wide/multi azimuth Ocean Bottom Nodes are constantly emerging. The geometry and operation methods for offshore seismic acquisition have become increasingly complex, leading to a substantial increase in the cost of acquisition while enhancing the quality of seismic data under complex offshore geological conditions. It is urgent to practice the concept of value-driven exploration, reduce acquisition cost through technical innovation, and lead the high-quality development of offshore seismic exploration. This paper focuses on introducing several efficient offshore seismic acquisition technologies, including analysis of current status, applications, and prospects of technological development. While improving the quality of offshore seismic data and enhancing exploration efficiency, concerted efforts are made to raise acquisition efficiency and develop an economically and technically integrated offshore seismic exploration technology. This is essential for achieving value-driven exploration and promoting the high-quality development of offshore oil and gas exploration.
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图 2 海上拖缆双船连续记录采集示意图
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of continuous offshore acquisition from two vessels
图 3 拖缆双船连续记录采集数据分离后拼接结果
Fig. 3. Combined streamer seismic record acquired from two vessels
图 4 拖缆与稀疏节点联合采集示意图(Dhelie et al.，2021)
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of joint acquisition of streamer and sparse node (Dhelie et al., 2021)
图 5 拖缆TopSeis采集示意图(Vinje and Elboth, 2019)
Fig. 5. Schematic of a towed TopSeis acquisition system (Vinje and Elboth, 2019)
图 6 TopSeis采集对成像效果的改善(Dhelie et al.，2018)
Fig. 6. Improvements in imaging with TopSeis acquisition (Dhelie et al., 2018)
图 7 拖缆多源宽拖采集技术
a.常规单船双源采集；b.单船三源宽拖采集
Fig. 7. Acquisition by wide-tow streamers with multi-sources
图 8 拖缆多源高密度采集技术
a.单船双源采集；b.单船三源高密度采集
Fig. 8. Acquisition by high density streamers with multi-sources
图 9 双源采集与三源拖缆高密度采集的效果对比
据Widmaier et al.，2020. a.双源采集的地震剖面；b.三源高密度采集的地震剖面；c.双源采集的深度地震切片；d.三源高密度采集的深度地震切片
Fig. 9. The comparison between the results of conventional two sources and three sources streamer acquisition
图 10 共炮点道集混叠分离前(a)、后(b)(李培明等, 2020)
Fig. 10. The comparison between the common receiver gathers before (a) and after deblending (Li et al., 2020)
图 11 混叠分离前(a)、后(b)的粗叠剖面(李培明等, 2020)
Fig. 11. The comparison between the stack section before (a) and after (b) deblending (Li et al., 2020)
图 12 双船六源随机混叠激发拖缆采集观测系统(Poole et al., 2019)
Fig. 12. The geometry of random blended sources streamer acquisition with two vessels and six sources (Poole et al., 2019)
图 13 (a) 老资料和(b)双船六源随机混叠激发在Crossline方向资料(Poole et al., 2019)
Fig. 13. The comparison between legacy data (a) and random blended sources streamer acquisition with two vessels and six sources in Crossline direction (b) (Poole et al., 2019)
图 16 压缩感知采集提高地震成像品质
据Mosher et al.，2014. a.常规采集；b.压缩感知采集；c.压缩感知采集重构后
Fig. 16. Improvement of seismic imaging from compressive sensing acquisition
图 17 压缩感知数据重构后成像(a)与采集的规则数据成像(b)对比
Fig. 17. The imaging results comparison between reconstructed compressive sensing data (a) and conventional data (b)
表 1 PGS公司单船多源采集统计表(Widmaier et al., 2020)
Table 1. Overview of the six wide-tow multi-source projects acquired (Widmaier et al., 2020)
序号 年份 国家 缆数 缆距(m) 源数 Xline面元(m) 标准源距 宽拖源距(m) 总源宽(m) 1 2019 澳大利亚 12 75.00 2 18.750 37.50 112.50 112.50 2 2019 挪威 12 84.38 3 14.063 28.13 112.50 225.00 3 2020 挪威 14 93.75 3 15.625 31.25 125.00 250.00 4 2020 英国 12 93.75 3 15.625 31.25 62.50 125.00 5 2020 挪威 16 56.25 3 9.375 18.75 93.75 187.50 6 2020 挪威 16 56.25 5 5.625 18.75 78.75 315.00 
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