Research Progress and Prospect of Transition Zone in Permafrost
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摘要: 随着气候临界点的迫近，多年冻土两层分层体系的局限性日益凸显，因此有必要单独考虑多年冻土上部即过渡带的特殊性质.通过系统梳理已有研究发现：（1）过渡带是多年冻土区内成冰和过剩冰的主要分布带，广泛分布于粉黏土中及部分细粒多孔且冻结敏感性强的风化基岩地带，地下冰多为分凝冰、脉冰和大块冰，冷生构造主要为透镜状、层状、网状和斑杂状等，其变化与热融沉陷和斜坡地带热融滑塌、融冻泥流和活动层滑脱等现象密切相关；（2）其蕴含的丰富有机质和腐殖质常与多年冻土的加积和重复分凝成冰过程伴生，是重建冻土形成时气候与环境的可靠替代性指标；（3）多年冻土退化的程度和幅度与过渡带的厚度、冷生构造、地下冰和有机质含量等内在性质密不可分，呈现极强的时空异质性，其因地下冰巨大相变潜热效应而减缓甚至阻抗多年冻土退化，但一旦融化即产生临界点效应，由此多年冻土退化加速，热喀斯特现象激增，并造成上覆工程构筑物失稳.因此，亟待开展包含过渡带的气候环境重建、生态水文效应、力学性能和结构性质的演化与冻土精准模拟研究.Abstract: As one of the critical climatic elements of the Earth system, the permafrost is approaching its climatic tipping point, highlighting the limitations of its two-layered structure consisting of active layer and perennially frozen layer. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the transition zone situated between the active layer and perennially frozen layer, which has specific properties, as a separate layer. The transition zone is the ice-rich upper part of permafrost, which thaws over sub-decadal to centennial time scales, particularly during extremely warm and wet summers, becoming part of the active layer. It comprises an ice-rich transient layer and an icier intermediate layer. The cryostructures, thermophysical properties, and mechanical structures of the transition zone are distinct from both overlying active layer and underlying permafrost, below which is the "authentic" permafrost. Under the combined influence of global climate warming and anthropogenic activities, the degree and extent of permafrost degradation are related to external forcing factors such as climate, environment, basic properties of watershed, and human activities, as well as internal properties like the thickness and position of the transition zone, cryogenic structures, ground ice, and organic matter content, displaying strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Research shows that transition zone is widely distributed in silty-clay and parts of frost-susceptible weathered bedrocks with fine-grained pores. It is the main distribution zone of intrasedimental ice and excess ice, with ground ice mainly existing as segregated ice, vein ice, and massive ice. The cryostructures are primarily lenticular, layered, reticular, and ataxitic, and their changes are closely related to phenomena such as thermal subsidence, thermokarst slumping, solifluctions, and active layer detachment. The rich organic matter and humus contained within are often associated with permafrost aggradation and repeated segregation ice formation processes, serving as reliable proxies for reconstructing the climate and environment of permafrost formation. Due to substantial latent heat effects of phase changes in ground ice, the transition zone can slow down or even resist permafrost degradation. However, once it melts, it triggers a tipping point effect, accelerating permafrost degradation, increasing thermokarst phenomena, and leading to the instability of overlying engineering structures. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out research on climate and environmental reconstruction, eco-hydrological effects, mechanical structure evolution, and precise permafrost modeling that includes the transition zone.
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图 1 多年冻土分层体系
a.活动层‒多年冻土的两层概念模型；b.活动层‒过渡带‒多年冻土的三层概念模型；c.包含转换层和中间层的过渡带结构示意，白色不规则形状为地下冰，为由动植物和微生物残体组成的有机质，为悬浮状冷生构造，为包含垂直叶理脉冰的网状冷生构造，为层状冷生构造
Fig. 1. Layered structure of permafrost
图 2 基于Web of Science的1990—2023年多年冻土过渡带论文数量和被引次数
Fig. 2. Number of publications about transition zone and their citations related to permafrost from 1990 to 2023 retrieved from Web of Science
图 4 多年冻土过渡带关键词的共现图谱
Fig. 4. Co-occurrence network of keywords about transition zone related to permafrost
图 5 北半球多年冻土年均地温（地温年变化深度10~25 m处）（a）和多年冻土上限附近（主要为地表以下5 m内）体积含冰率空间分布（b）
叶叨码冻土分布源自（Strauss et al.，2021），年均地温源自（Ran et al.，2022），地下冰体积含冰率源自（Karjalainen et al.，2023）
Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the temperature at the depth of zero annual amplitude (TZAA, 10‒25 m) and volumetric ice content (VIC, %)
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