The Formation and Evolution of the Paleo-Yunmeng Lake Group in the Jianghan Plain and Its Influencing Mechanism
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摘要: 夏商以来，江汉平原发育的古云梦泽具有重要的历史、地理、文化与生态环境研究价值，但长久以来受到历史记载贫乏和钻孔调查精度的限制，古云梦泽的成因、分布、演化的时空格局尚不清晰.在前人历史文献和钻孔调查基础上，本文首次系统开展了钻孔高分辨率古环境演化研究，真实还原了4 000年来古云梦泽形成演化历史，全面而深刻地揭示了古云梦泽沉积地貌过程与区域新构造运动、气候变化、河道变迁和人类活动的关系.多钻孔沉积学分析表明，古云梦泽发育时期沉积环境具有多样性，包括河床相、漫滩相、湖相和三角洲相，指示了“河流‒湖泊‒三角洲”复合沉积体系.沉积相自西向东分布呈现一定规律，西部以漫滩相、三角洲相为主，中部以漫滩相、三角洲、湖相为主，东部以湖相为主，古地理重建表明古云梦泽是江汉平原内部河间洼地发育的多变的湖群景观.根据历史文献与钻孔记录重建了古云梦泽形成演化的4个时期：鼎盛期（夏商时期）、淤浅期（周秦汉时期）、萎缩期（魏晋南北朝时期）和湮灭期（唐宋时期）.结果表明，古云梦泽形成演化主要受到新构造运动、气候变化、洪水泛滥与河道变迁以及人类活动的叠加影响：（1）新构造沉降为古云梦泽分布创造了空间条件，长江主泓来水来沙为古云梦泽出现创造了可能，但后续长江主泓的南移对古云梦泽演化趋势影响显著；（2）ENSO（El Niño-Southern Oscillation）关联的季风异常降水与河道洪水泛滥作用推动了古云梦泽的兴盛，而荆江三角洲的推进与古云梦泽的於浅及萎缩有关；（3）唐宋以来，随着荆江统一河床的塑造、人为筑堤堵穴、围湖建垸和围湖造田加速了古云梦泽的湮灭.总之，本研究揭示了古云梦泽形成演化的时空格局及其复杂的影响机制，为存在已久的争议提供了可靠的答案，也为预测未来长江中游地区江湖关系演变和现代江汉湖群保护提供了重要参考.Abstract: The Paleo-Yunmeng Lake Group (PYMLG) in the Jianghan Plain has been significant of historical, geographical, cultural, and ecological environment research since the Xia and Shang Dynasties. Owing to rare historical records and limited borehole surveys, the cause and spatiotemporal pattern of the PYMLG remain ambiguous. Based on previous historical documents and borehole survey, this paper first conducted high resolution research on the boreholes sedimentary environment and reconstructed a 4 000-year evolution history of PYMLG. This study systematically revealed the relationship among the PYMLG sedimentary landform process and regional neotectonic movement, climate change, river channel migration and human activities. Multiple borehole analyses revealed the diverse sedimentary environments including riverbed, floodplain, lake, and delta facies, indicating a composite sedimentary system marked by a composite sedimentary system of "river-lake-delta". The distribution of sedimentary facies from west to east shows a certain pattern: the west is mainly floodplain and delta facies, the central part is mainly floodplain, delta and lake facies, and the east is dominated by lake facies. Paleogeographic reconstruction indicated that the PYMLG is always a landscape of changeable lake group developed in the interriver depressions in the Interior of Jianghan Plain. A 4 000-year evolution history of the PYMLG experienced four stages ranging from a peak period (Xia and Shang Dynasties) to a siltation period (Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties), a shrinkage period (Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties), and a breakup period (Tang and Song Dynasties). Our results indicate that the PYMLG is jointly influenced by the superposition of neotectonic movements, climate change, river flooding and migration of the ancient Yangtze River channels, and human activities: (1) The neotectonic subsidence created space conditions for the distribution of the PYMLG, and the main water and sand of the Yangtze River created the emergence of the PYMLG, but the subsequent southward migration of dominant channels of ancient Yangtze River determines the evolutionary process of the PYMLG; (2) the ENSO-related abnormal precipitation and river flooding have promoted the rise of PYMLG, and the expansion of the Jingjiang Delta has been the driver of the siltation and shrinkage of the PYMLG; (3) since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the shaping of the unified riverbed of the Jingjiang River and increasing embankments and reclamations of lakes accelerated the breakup of the PYMLG. This study first systematically reveal the spatiotemporal pattern of the PYMLG and its complex influencing mechanism, providing reliable answers to long-standing controversies and important references for the protection of current Jianghan Lake Group.
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图 1 长江中下游主要淡水湖泊（a）及江汉平原古云梦泽研究钻孔分布图（b）
Fig. 1. Map showing the fresh water lake group in the mid-lower Yangze Valley (a) and the distribution of studied boreholes in the Jianghan Plain (b)
图 2 江汉平原研究钻孔粒度频率曲线指示的沉积相
Fig. 2. Sedimentary facies indicated by particle-size frequency curves from the studied boreholes in the Jianghan Plain
图 3 江汉平原钻孔沉积记录古云梦泽存在“河流‒湖泊‒三角洲”沉积地貌景观
Fig. 3. Sedimentary landscape of "river-lake-delta" of the PYMLG documented by sedimentary records from the studied boreholes in the Jianghan Plain
图 4 基于钻孔与历史文献重建的夏商以来古云梦泽分布与演化阶段
古水系和古地名参考张修桂（1980）、姜加虎等（2015），夏商文化遗址、楚文化遗址来自Xie et al.（2013）、秦汉文化遗址、魏晋南北朝文化遗址、隋唐宋时期文化遗址来自邓辉等（2009）
Fig. 4. The distribution and evolution stages of the PYMLG since Xia and Shang Dynasties based on the boreholes and historic documents
图 5 太阳辐射、ENSO活动、季风降水、古洪水事件、人类活动与古云梦泽环境演化阶段比较
a. 基于GRIP冰心14C记录重建4 ka BP以来的太阳活动（Bond et al.，2001）；b. 100年窗口内ENSO振幅（Liu et al.，2014）；c. 江汉平原孢粉重建年均降水（Huang et al.，2023）；d. 江汉平原JH001钻孔EM4组分含量指示的古洪水事件（Guan et al.，2022）；e. 基于孢粉记录的鄱阳湖古水文变化（Gu et al.，2018）；f. 长江中下游钻孔记录的大湖期（Fang et al.，1991）；g. 梁子湖沉积物Cu含量记录的古人类活动（Lee et al.，2008）
Fig. 5. Comparisons among solar radiation, ENSO activity, monsoon precipitation, ancient flood events, human activities and the evolutionary stages of the PYMLG environment
表 1 江汉平原研究钻孔AMS14C测年结果
Table 1. Results of AMS 14C dating on the studied boreholes in the Jianghan Plain
样品号 实验室编号 深度(m) 测试材料 14C年龄(a BP) 校正年代(2σ)(cal a BP) JH001-005 403978 5.00 有机泥 1 540±30 1 425~1 352 JH001-009 403980 15.00 有机泥 2 120±30 2 007~1 871 JH001-016 421878 20.00 有机泥 3 200±30 3 460~3 367 JH001-017 582467 21.88 有机泥 4 000±30 4 528~4 414 YMZ1-11 XA18288 10.56 有机泥 2 080±30 2 125~1 982 YMZ3-15 XA18282 13.50 木块 1 675±25 1 613~1 523 YMZ4-7 XA18293 7.94 木块 5 180±35 6 002~5 895 YMZ7-3 XA18278 5.00 有机泥 3 986±30 4 528~4 404 YLW01-1 447153 4.58 有机泥 850±30 793~684 YLW01-4 447154 7.00 有机泥 3 120±30 3 400~3 315 
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样品号 深度(m) U(10‒6) Th(10‒6) K(%) 含水率(%) 剂量率(Gy/ka) De(Gy) 年代(ka) JH002-03 3.25±0.06 2.52±0.10 15.8±0.4 2.28±0.07 34±5 2.97±0.10 9.3±0.1 3.12±0.11 JH002-05 4.74±0.06 3.70±0.12 18.6±0.4 2.58±0.07 29±5 3.65±0.13 14.6±0.5 4.00±0.19 JH002-07 5.84±0.06 4.48±0.14 18.9±0.5 2.32±0.07 32±5 3.50±0.12 18.7±0.4 5.33±0.22
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