Elevation Gradient Characteristics of the Interfeeding between Human Activities and Ecological Environment in Xi 'an Section of the Northern Foot of Qinling Mountains
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摘要:
为了解秦岭北麓西安段人类活动对生态系统的影响，采用人类足迹指数表征人类活动强度，通过InVEST模型评价生态系统服务功能，分析近20 a秦岭北麓西安段人类活动与生态系统服务时空演化规律，凝练二者在海拔梯度上的空间关联特征. 结果表明：近20 a研究区高和较高等级的人类活动强度区面积分别扩大了5.99倍和1.85倍. 人类活动强度提高的区域主要集中在周至县平原区、山前控制带和4条主要峪道，城镇化、公路建设和旅游业发展是秦岭北麓人类活动强度增大的主要原因. 秦岭北麓生态系统的水源涵养、土壤保持和碳储量受到人类活动的影响程度逐渐减弱，稳定性有所提升；生境质量对人类活动变化表现的愈加敏感，低山区人类活动强度的增大削弱了生境质量的稳定性. 秦岭北麓人地关系存在明显的海拔分异特征. 从人类活动-生态系统服务关联特征角度开展秦岭北麓人地协调分区时，可根据海拔将秦岭北麓分为人地冲突强烈区（< 853 m）；人地协调失衡区（853~1 105 m）；人地协调敏感区（1 105~1 576 m）和人地关系平衡区（> 1 576 m）.
Abstract:In order toelucidate the impact of human activities on ecosystem in Xi 'an section of the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, the spatio-temporal evolution of human activities and ecosystem services in the region in the past 20 years was analyzed in the present study.The human footprint index is adopted to quantify intensity of human activities. The InVEST model is used to evaluate the ecosystem services.Their spatial correlation characteristics are analyzed from the perspective of altitude gradient.The results indicate that the area of high and relatively high level human activity intensity increased by 5.99 times and 1.85 times, respectively. The areas where the intensity of human activities increased were mainly concentrated in the plain area of Zhouzhi County, the control zone in front of mountains and the four main valley roads. Urbanization, highway construction and tourism development are the main reasons for the increase of human activities in the northern foot of Qinling Mountains. In the past 20 years, the water conservation, soil conservation and carbon storage service functions of the ecosystem in the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains have been gradually weakened by human activities. Their stability has improved. However, habitat quality has become more sensitive to changes in human activities. The increasing intensity of human activities in the low mountainous areas weakened the stability of habitat quality. The coordination areas between human activities and ecological environment in the northern foot of Qinling Mountains can be divided into four categories: intense conflict area of human-land relationship (< 853 m), unbalance area of human-land coordination (853~1 105 m), sensitive area of human-land coordination (1 105~1 576 m), balance area of human-land relationship (> 1 576 m).
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图 3 2000—2020年秦岭北麓人类足迹指数空间分布
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of human footprint index in the northern foot of Qinling Mountains from 2000 to 2020
图 4 近20 a秦岭北麓人类足迹指数转移情况
Fig. 4. Human footprint index transfer in the northern foothills of Qinling Mountains in recent 20 years
图 5 近20 a人类足迹指数及其变化随高程分布
Fig. 5. Human footprint index and its variation with elevation in recent 20 years
图 6 2000—2020年秦岭北麓人类活动变化
Fig. 6. Change of human activities in the northern foot of Qinling Mountains from 2000 to 2020
图 7 秦岭北麓2020年生态系统服务空间分布
Fig. 7. Spatial distribution of ecosystem services in the northern foot of Qinling Mountains in 2020
图 9 近20 a生态系统服务功能沿海拔梯度的变化规律
Fig. 9. Changes of ecosystem service function along elevation gradient in recent 20 years
图 10 秦岭北麓2020年人类活动强度-生态系统服务功能空间关联特征
Fig. 10. Spatial correlation between human activity intensity and ecosystem service function in the northern foot of Qinling Mountains in 2020
图 11 不同海拔梯度带上HFI-ESs空间聚集特征
Fig. 11. Spatial aggregation characteristics of HFI-ESs in different altitude gradient belts
图 13 2000—2020年人类活动与生境质量关联特征空间变异规律
Fig. 13. Spatial variation of correlation characteristics between human activities and habitat quality from 2000 to 2020
图 14 基于人类活动-生态系统服务相关性的秦岭北麓（西安段）人地协调分区
Fig. 14. Human-land coordination area in northern Qinling Mountains based on the correlation between human activities and ecosystem services
表 1 威胁因素系数
Table 1. Threat factors coefficient
威胁因素 最长威胁距离drmax(km) 权重ωr 距离函数衰减类型 耕地 4 0.7 指数衰减 建筑用地 8 1.0 指数衰减 公路 6 1.0 线性衰减 铁路 2 0.8 线性衰减 
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表 2 土地利用类型对生境威胁因子的敏感性（Sjr）
Table 2. Sensitivity of land use types to habitat threat factors (Sjr)
土地利用 生境适宜度 耕地 建设用地 公路 铁路 耕地 0.4 0.25 0.40 0.40 0.30 林地 1.0 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.75 灌木 1.0 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.75 草地 1.0 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.75 水体 0.8 0.65 0.70 0.65 0.60 建筑用地 0 0 0 0 0 荒地 0 0 0 0 0
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表 3 各地类碳库数据表（单位：t/ha）
Table 3. Carbon pool data for each land use(Unit: t/ha)
土地利用 Cabove Cbelow Csoil Cdead 耕地 46.50 80.50 107.30 13.00 林地 58.30 115.20 268.00 13.00 灌木 39.45 82.83 163.13 7.61 草地 20.59 50.46 58.28 2.22 水体 0 70.00 0 0 建筑用地 3.50 5.45 10.57 0 荒地 9.20 0.10 12.50 0
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