High Heat Producing Granites and Related Lithium Mineralization: Insights from Giant Yifeng-Fengxin Lithium Ore Field, West Jiangxi Province
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摘要: 花岗岩型锂矿床成矿岩体通常具有较高的放射性产热率，但高产热花岗岩与锂成矿之间的联系尚不清楚.选取赣西地区新探明的宜丰-奉新巨型花岗岩型锂矿田为主要研究对象，对不同花岗岩开展了系统的岩石学和主微量地球化学研究.结果表明，成矿花岗岩具有从边部到中心，从黑云母花岗岩、二云母花岗岩到白云母花岗岩、锂（白）云母花岗岩的明显岩性分带.这些花岗岩具有富SiO2、Al2O3、Na2O、K2O、P2O5而贫CaO、TiO2、MgO、FeO*的强过铝质高钾钙碱性特征.较低的Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值以及较高的10 000×Ga/Al比值指示其属于高分异的S型花岗岩.而且这些花岗岩可能经历了明显的石英、长石、云母、独居石、褐帘石和锆石的分离结晶且分异演化程度逐渐升高.黑云母花岗岩因富集U和Th而具有最高的产热率（属于高产热花岗岩），其高产热属性可能继承自幔源岩浆加入的岩浆源区.随着结晶分异程度的升高，不同岩性的产热率逐渐降低而锂含量逐渐升高.高产热岩浆岩对锂成矿的控制作用主要体现在：（1）提供成矿金属来源；（2）延长岩浆的固结时限，使得分离结晶作用和/或金属向热液中的迁移得以充分进行，促进锂的富集成矿.放射性衰变产热可能是华南高分异花岗岩成岩成矿作用的另一种热驱动机制.高产热花岗岩研究将有助于深入理解花岗岩型锂矿的形成机制及锂与钨锡、铌钽、铀等矿种的成因联系，有望为这些矿种的找矿勘查带来启示.Abstract: Granite related lithium deposits are generally characterized by high radiogenic heat productions. However, the genetic relationship between the high heat producing granites (HHP) and Li mineralization is poorly understood. In the study, the newly discovered giant Yifeng-Fengxin granite related lithium ore field in West Jiangxi Province was selected to further constrain the relationship between the HHP and Li mineralization. Petrology and major and trace elemental geochemistry were carried out on Li-related granites, including biotite granite, two-mica granite, muscovite granite, and lepidolite granite. The results show that all the granites roughly belong to strongly peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline series with obvious enrichments of SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, K2O, and P2O5, but depletions of CaO, TiO2, MgO, and FeO*. Low Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios and high 10 000×Ga/Al ratios indicate that they could be highly fractionated S-type granites. From biotite granite, two-mica granite, to muscovite granite and lepidolite granite, they underwent distinct fractional crystallization of quartz, feldspar, mica, monazite, allanite and zircon with gradually increased differentiation degree. Biotite granite exhibits the highest radiogenic heat production among all granite types due to the concentration of U and Th, and can be regarded as HHP. The high heat production of biotite granite may be inherited from its source region with some mantle magma injection. With the increase of evolution degree, the radiogenic heat production of different types of granites generally decreased while the lithium content increased gradually. In conclusion, the control of HHP on Li mineralization may be reflected in two aspects: (1) HHP and its parental magma provide the dominant source of lithium metal; and (2) radiogenic heat released by the decay of heat producing elements considerably prolongs the suprasolidus lifetime of granitic magmas, and the fractional crystallization and/or the diffusion of Li (and other metals) from melt to hydrothermal can be allowed to proceed more completely before the solidus is reached. Thus, radiogenic heat production may be another thermal drive mechanism for the rare metal mineralization of highly differentiated granite in South China. The study of HHP will enhance the understanding of the mineralization of granite-type lithium deposits and the metallogenetic relationship between Li, W-Sn, Nb-Ta, U and other metal deposits, which is expected to bring enlightenment for the prospection and exploration of these metals.
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图 1 赣西地区地质矿产简图(修改自Xu et al., 2023)
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map showing the distribution of major deposits in West Jiangxi Province (modified from Xu et al., 2023)
图 2 宜丰‒奉新锂矿田地质简图修改自(陈祥云等, 2023)
Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the Yifeng-Fengxin lithium ore field (modified from Chen et al., 2023)
图 3 宜丰‒奉新锂矿田主要花岗岩类型野外及手标本特征
Fig. 3. Petrographic characteristics of the main granite types in the Yifeng-Fengxin lithium ore field from the perspective of hand specimens and outcrops
图 4 宜丰‒奉新锂矿田主要花岗岩类型的显微镜下照片
Ab.钠长石；Bi.黑云母；Mus.白云母；Pl.斜长石；Q.石英
Fig. 4. Optical microscope photos of the main granite types in the Yifeng-Fengxin lithium ore field
图 5 (a) SiO2-(Na2O+K2O)图解；(b)SiO2-K2O图解；(c) SiO2-(Na2O+K2O-CaO)图解；(d)A/CNK-A/NK图解
a. 底图据Middlemost，1994；b. 底图据Peccerillo and Taylor，1976；Middlemost，1986；c. 底图据Frost et al.，2001；d. 底图据Maniar and Piccoli，1989. 数据来源见附表 1
Fig. 5. (a) SiO2-(Na2O+K2O) diagram; (b) SiO2-K2O plot; (c) SiO2-(Na2O+K2O-CaO) plot; (d) A/CNK-A/NK plot
图 6 (a) 球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图；(b)原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图
各类岩性的数据为此类岩石稀土、微量元素的平均值，球粒陨石和原始地幔数据均引用自Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 6. (a) Chondrite-normalized REE pattern and (b) primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram
图 8 岩浆结晶分异过程判别图解
图例和数据来源同图 5. Allan.绿帘石；Ap.磷灰石；Bi.黑云母；Hbl.角闪石；Ilm.钛铁矿；Kfs.钾长石；Mag.磁铁矿；Mon.独居石；Mus.白云母；Pl.斜长石；Rt.金红石；Ttn.榍石；Zr.锆石
Fig. 8. Discrimination diagrams showing the fractional crystallization process
图 9 宜丰‒奉新锂矿田和雅山414锂矿不同类型花岗岩产热率(a、b)、Zr/Hf比值(c、d)和锂含量（e、f）箱线图（图例和数据来源同图 5）
Fig. 9. Box and whisker plots illustrating the RHPs (a and b), Zr/Hf ratios (c and d) and lithium contents (e and f) in different types of granites from the Yifeng-Fengxin lithium ore field and Yashan 414 Li deposit (data sources and symbols for the different rock types here are the same as in Fig. 5)
图 10 (a) 宜丰‒奉新锂矿田不同类型花岗岩U、Th、K对RHP的贡献三角图解；(b) U、(c) Th和(d) K2O含量与RHP的二元图解(图例和数据来源同图 5)
Fig. 10. (a) Ternary plot of contributions of U, Th and K to RHP in different types of granites from the Yifeng-Fengxin lithium ore field and binary plots of (b) U, (c) Th, and (d) K2O contents and RHP (data sources and symbols for the different rock types here are the same as in Fig. 5)
图 11 宜丰‒奉新锂矿田不同类型花岗岩的1/RHP与Li、Rb、Cs、Be、Ta和Nb含量之间的二元图解(图例和数据来源同图 5)
Fig. 11. Binary plots of 1/RHP and Li、Rb、Cs、Be、Ta and Nb contents of different types of granites in the Yifeng-Fengxin lithium ore field (data sources and symbols for the different rock types here are the same as in Fig. 5)
表 1 宜丰‒奉新锂矿田不同类型花岗岩的主微量元素含量
Table 1. The major and trace element contents of different types of granites in the Yifeng-Fengxin lithium ore field
序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 样品编号 ZK6101-H25 ZK613-4 ZK1602-H59 B113-1 B113-1-R ZK24-12-H23 ZK2402-H9 ZK1602-H6 21BSD-1 21BSD-2 22BSD-1 22BSD-2 22BSD-3 22DG-1 22DG-2 22DG-3 22DG-3-R 22DG-4 21DG-1 21GK-1 ZK24-12-H65 ZK205-H140 岩性 黑云母花岗岩 二云母花岗岩 白云母花岗岩 主量元素（wt.%） SiO2 69.48 73.12 72.82 71.4 71.5 72.47 71.11 71.76 73.22 73.98 74.55 74.40 74.01 73.91 73.76 73.76 73.70 74.00 74.09 75.51 72.78 63.88 TiO2 0.48 0.24 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 Al2O3 14.71 14.12 15.26 16.1 16.2 15.24 16.45 15.97 15.93 14.91 14.99 15.34 15.16 15.20 15.22 15.47 15.54 15.22 15.50 14.66 15.85 20.42 FeO* 3.97 1.39 0.89 0.80 0.83 0.96 0.84 1.00 0.54 0.60 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.46 0.47 0.43 0.44 0.47 0.74 0.71 MnO 1.40 0.41 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.23 0.15 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.01 MgO 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.04 0.12 0.09 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.09 0.14 CaO 0.94 1.19 0.55 0.33 0.33 0.53 0.12 0.56 0.12 0.30 0.07 0.07 0.30 0.34 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.51 0.09 0.12 0.24 0.36 Na2O 2.24 3.68 4.19 3.45 3.41 3.39 3.13 3.59 5.01 4.06 3.99 4.24 4.93 3.93 3.54 3.79 3.75 3.85 4.34 3.33 4.61 7.29 K2O 3.94 4.23 3.60 5.10 5.04 4.77 4.94 3.84 3.28 3.77 3.78 3.46 3.28 3.49 3.61 3.54 3.60 3.33 3.42 3.10 3.76 5.05 P2O5 0.17 0.06 0.52 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.51 0.69 0.33 0.44 0.15 0.13 0.38 0.53 0.71 0.73 0.71 0.59 0.25 0.23 0.40 0.18 LOI 1.64 0.82 1.11 1.65 1.65 1.25 2.26 1.84 1.06 1.16 1.30 1.38 1.01 1.42 1.56 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.41 1.77 1.06 1.28 Total 99.47 99.47 99.34 99.7 99.7 99.57 99.70 99.67 99.66 99.45 99.46 99.67 99.71 99.46 99.39 99.58 99.62 99.62 99.73 99.45 99.67 99.40 微量元素（ppm，ppm=10-6） Li 279 235 1 528 1 181 1 155 1 167 1 273 2 183 1 578 2 091 2 552 1 689 2 143 3 014 3 411 3 204 - - 3 616 3 522 1 446 978 Be 4.76 5.84 58.2 60.3 52.3 48 73 129 23.2 50.8 132 444 161 166 180 161 - - 135 135 37.7 44.4 Cr 41.4 6.06 2.11 6.2 2.2 2.4 3.1 2.0 1.38 1.02 1.11 1.73 1.13 1.33 0.99 8.66 - - 0.65 8.27 1.42 0.89 Mn 459 542 805 419 411 668 313 1 037 688 1 039 941 913 907 1 025 1 075 1 001 - - 1 003 1 139 772 1 172 Co 58.2 98.6 115 53.8 52.8 107.0 116.00 113.00 89.5 82.5 97 97.1 98.8 70.3 77.6 71.9 - - 71.5 88.2 122 81.2 Ni 26.2 6.93 6.18 4.86 3.28 5.63 6.66 5.68 4.34 4.04 4.57 5.05 4.58 3.83 3.9 6.01 - - 3.42 7.1 5.98 3.82 Cu 88.8 2.2 9.94 6.07 5.5 4.47 7.31 14.60 2.82 1.92 1.96 1.5 1.93 0.81 1.07 0.94 - - 0.68 3.51 0.69 0.87 Zn 105 43.6 123 83 78.3 84 83 198 97.4 117 110 90.8 111 127 136 129 - - 131 165 124 80.7 Ga 18.3 18.7 21.4 19.7 18.6 20.2 18.9 24.1 17.6 23.8 19.1 17.8 19.3 20.6 19.9 19.9 - - 20.2 21.8 21.1 36.6 Rb 246 307 1 062 1 077 1 051 1 131 1 058 1 360 1 269 1 628 1 956 1 696 1 696 2 055 2 123 2 065 - - 2 198 2 010 1 338 1 526 Sr 95.8 84.7 22.4 29 28.9 35 23 23 1.69 5.72 4.13 2.55 10.4 70.3 29.3 31.1 - - 1.9 5.1 7.04 3.52 Mo 0.74 0.31 0.45 0.3 0.24 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.13 0.1 0.11 0.13 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 - - 0.08 0.15 0.12 0.24 Cs 85.7 40.4 335 584 573 152 474 555 298 403 354 238 374 583 622 583 - - 564 629 360 172 Ba 493 130 66.9 73.1 71.1 515.0 67.9 26.4 0.35 0.4 19.4 7.87 4.93 1.53 1.4 0.71 - - 0.89 6.5 4.1 40.5 Pb 27.3 42 16.6 26.5 25.7 20.6 27.2 11.6 3.13 3.55 1.78 1.26 2.18 2.67 3.58 2.76 - - 1.63 2.49 5.01 3.57 Th 9.6 25.5 3.16 4.43 3.63 5.0 3.5 2.8 0.25 0.3 0.15 0.23 0.33 0.35 0.23 0.23 - - 0.25 0.6 0.41 1.31 U 5.17 11.8 18 7.65 7.09 5.2 5.7 10.2 18.1 12.4 6.33 2.5 11 4.62 4.73 5.62 - - 9.2 2.68 14.3 25 Nb 8.79 13.3 23.6 27.8 26.7 21.9 23.2 40.3 31.2 16 54.1 59.9 48.5 59.8 51.3 59.2 - - 54.4 36.8 20.4 84.9 Ta 1.1 3.8 8.91 24.8 23.4 15 18 16 23 22.4 14.7 18.7 33.4 24.9 25.7 28.2 - - 27.3 24.9 11.1 54.3 Zr 158 91 35.5 45.2 38.7 43.2 40.0 40.8 14.1 13.4 17 15.3 19 17.8 15.8 21.8 - - 18 20.9 17.5 20.4 Hf 4.32 3.16 1.52 2 1.66 1.78 1.76 2.00 1.11 1.17 1.66 1.51 1.7 1.64 1.4 1.69 - - 1.62 1.65 1.17 1.47 Sn 22.1 12.4 105 131 127 87 130 144 73.9 101 156 203 124 88.6 95 89.7 - - 93.6 119 79.6 96.2 Ti 2 449 1226 342 412 402 500 400 362 37 39.3 27.2 28.2 31.7 39.1 37.3 35.8 - - 38.5 142 84.3 61.5 As 15.7 1.12 2.01 0.41 0.3 0.39 1.05 0.86 0.15 0.24 0.11 0.05 0.08 0.3 0.26 0.22 - - 0.28 0.12 0.51 1.11 V 61.9 16.4 3.66 4.51 4.2 5.2 4.0 3.9 0.41 0.59 1.02 1.15 1.2 0.57 0.51 0.77 - - 0.66 1.11 0.61 1.63 La 22.7 27.3 4.78 5.51 4.83 6.31 4.20 3.65 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.11 0.08 0.26 0.16 0.12 - - 0.13 0.44 0.22 0.48 Ce 48.2 59.7 11 12.3 10.9 14.5 10.0 9.0 0.44 0.51 0.26 0.35 0.39 0.81 0.57 0.44 - - 0.68 1.18 0.97 1.02 Pr 5.63 6.86 1.11 1.25 1.11 1.49 0.88 0.88 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.03 - - 0.03 0.09 0.05 0.11 Nd 21.8 25.2 3.96 4.4 3.87 5.43 3.02 3.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.19 0.14 0.08 - - 0.09 0.31 0.18 0.33 Sm 4.85 5.92 1.03 1.06 0.95 1.34 0.72 0.83 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.1 0.07 0.06 - - 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.11 Eu 1.11 0.53 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.07 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gd 4.8 5.94 0.91 0.99 0.91 1.26 0.61 0.76 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.1 0.08 0.08 - - 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.11 Tb 0.74 1.1 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.21 0.10 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 - - 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 Dy 4.36 7.46 0.86 0.89 0.83 1.14 0.45 0.74 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.14 0.11 0.13 - - 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.2 Ho 0.86 1.54 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 - - 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 Er 2.49 4.67 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.41 0.14 0.28 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 - - 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.1 Tm 0.36 0.72 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.04 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.01 0.02 Yb 2.33 4.7 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.31 0.11 0.24 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 - - 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.15 Lu 0.35 0.67 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.03 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.01 0.01 0.02 Sc 9.31 4.85 0.77 0.87 0.88 1.18 0.68 0.72 0.1 0.07 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.14 - - 0.13 0.29 0.16 0.34 Y 24.4 45.7 4.05 4.14 3.95 5.32 1.41 4.03 0.21 0.37 0.26 0.33 0.37 0.72 0.6 0.72 - - 0.37 0.34 0.6 1.43 特征参数 Na2O+K2O (wt.%) 6.18 7.91 7.79 8.55 8.45 8.16 8.07 7.43 8.29 7.83 7.77 7.70 8.21 7.42 7.15 7.33 7.35 7.18 7.76 6.43 8.37 12.34 Na2O+K2O-CaO(wt.%) 5.24 6.72 7.24 8.22 8.12 7.63 7.95 6.87 8.17 7.53 7.70 7.63 7.91 7.08 6.84 7.12 7.14 6.67 7.67 6.31 8.13 11.98 (K2O+Na2O)/
CaO6.57 6.65 14.16 25.9 25.6 15.40 67.25 13.27 69.08 26.10 111.00 110.00 27.37 21.82 23.06 34.90 - - 86.22 53.58 34.88 34.28 A/
CNK1.52 1.10 1.29 1.36 1.38 1.30 1.53 1.44 1.33 1.32 1.39 1.41 1.24 1.40 1.48 1.48 1.49 1.40 1.41 1.62 1.31 1.13 A/NK 1.85 1.33 1.41 1.44 1.46 1.42 1.57 1.59 1.35 1.38 1.41 1.43 1.30 1.48 1.56 1.54 1.54 1.53 1.43 1.66 1.36 1.17 ΣREE
(ppm)120.58 152.31 24.68 27.4 24.4 32.80 20.41 19.98 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LREE/
HREE6.40 4.68 8.17 8.90 8.42 8.14 12.61 7.54 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (La/Yb)N 6.99 4.17 13.71 18.8 16.5 14.60 27.39 10.91 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eu/Eu* 0.70 0.27 0.34 0.41 0.45 0.32 0.40 0.26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 000×Ga/
Al2.36 2.51 2.66 2.32 2.19 2.52 2.18 2.86 2.10 3.03 2.42 2.20 2.42 2.57 2.48 2.44 - - 2.47 2.82 2.53 3.40 K/Rb 132.90 114.33 28.13 39.3 39.8 35.00 38.74 23.43 21.45 19.22 16.04 16.93 16.05 14.09 14.11 14.22 - - 12.91 12.80 23.32 27.46 Zr/Hf 36.57 28.80 23.36 22.6 23.3 24.27 22.73 20.40 12.70 11.45 10.24 10.13 11.18 10.85 11.29 12.90 - - 11.11 12.67 14.96 13.88 Nb/Ta 7.99 3.50 2.65 1.12 1.14 1.51 1.33 2.53 1.36 0.71 3.68 3.20 1.45 2.40 2.00 2.10 - - 1.99 1.48 1.84 1.56 Rb/Sr 2.57 3.62 47.41 37.1 36.4 32.31 45.21 59.39 750.89 284.62 473.61 665.10 163.08 29.23 72.46 66.40 - - 1156 394.1 190.1 433.5 Zr+Nb+Ce+Y (ppm) 239 210 74 89 80 85 75 94 46 30 72 76 68 79 68 82 - - 73 59 39 108 RHP
(μWm-3)2.30 5.13 5.13 2.67 2.47 2.06 2.08 3.12 4.93 3.50 1.93 0.93 3.11 1.48 1.51 1.74 - - 2.65 0.97 4.00 6.91 RHP_K
(μWm-3)0.31 0.33 0.28 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.39 0.30 0.26 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.29 0.39 RHP_U
(μWm-3)1.33 3.03 4.63 1.97 1.82 1.34 1.46 2.62 4.65 3.19 1.63 0.64 2.83 1.19 1.22 1.44 - - 2.36 0.69 3.68 6.43 RHP_Th
(μWm-3)0.66 1.76 0.22 0.31 0.25 0.35 0.24 0.19 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 - - 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.09 
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