Analysis of the Main Controlling Factors of the Fractured Reservoirs Development in the Buried Hills of the Archean Metamorphic Rocks in the Bohai Sea Area
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摘要: 近几年，渤中凹陷，辽东湾地区太古界变质岩系陆续发现了多个亿吨级油气田，油气柱高度可超过1 000 m，展示了太古界潜山巨大的勘探潜力. 研究表明，储层发育程度决定了太古界潜山的油藏规模，而裂缝对储层具有核心控制作用. 分析表明，岩性对裂缝储层发育程度有明显影响，黑云母、角闪石等塑性矿物含量高的岩性段储层不发育，长石、石英矿物高含量段裂缝发育. 表生期风化淋滤降低了岩石的抗压强度，风化壳内裂缝发育程度和记录的期次都要远高于内幕带；薄片观察和模拟实验表明，发育裂缝的样品虽然裂缝被充填但其抗压强度显著降低，为后期裂缝再活化创造了条件；后期裂缝会选择原来的裂缝带重新活化，黏土矿物，碳酸盐矿物，铁质充填的裂缝更容易受到后期应力、流体的影响再活化. 宏观上，印支期逆冲推覆作用是形成裂缝储层的关键期，燕山期和喜山期断裂叠加改造对早期裂缝起到了重要的活化作用，印支期与燕山期、喜山期断裂叠合部位控制了厚层储层的分布.Abstract: In recent years, multiple billion ton oil and gas fields have been discovered in the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Bozhong Depression and Liaodong Bay area, with height of oil and gas column exceeding 1 000 m, demonstrating the exploration potential of the Archean buried hills. Research has shown that the degree of reservoir development determines the oil reservoir scale of the Archean buried hill, and fractures plays a key controlling role in the reservoir. The lithology has a significant impact on the development degree of fractured reservoirs, The reservoirs with high content of plastic minerals such as biotite and hornblende are not well-developed, while fractures are developed with high content of feldspar and quartz minerals. The weathering and leaching during the epigenetic stage reduce the compressive strength of rocks, and the degree of crack development and recorded stages in the weathering crust are much higher than those in the inner zone. Experiments and thin section analysis have shown that samples with early developed fractures, although filled with minerals, have significantly reduced compressive strength, laying the foundation for later crack development. The later fractures will choose to reactivate the original crack zone, and fractures filled with clay minerals, carbonate minerals, and iron minerals are more susceptible to reactivation under the influence of later stress and fluid.Macroscopically, the Indosinian period was a critical period for the formation of fractured reservoirs due to thrust and overturning. The superimposed transformation of faults during the Yanshan and Himalayan periods played an important role in activating early fractures. The distribution of thick reservoirs was controlled by the overlapping of faults during the Indosinian, Yanshan, and Himalayan periods.
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Key words:
- Archean /
- metamorphic rocks /
- fractures /
- tectonic stress superposition /
- reservoir /
- Bozhong Depression /
- Bohai Bay Basin /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 区域位置及地层综合柱状图
Fig. 1. Regional location and comprehensive stratigraphic column chart
图 2 渤中凹陷太古界变质岩储集空间特征
a. B9-2，岩心3 878.25~3 878.70 m，三期宏观裂缝，混合花岗岩；b. B9-1，4 074 m，宏观构造缝叠加风化淋滤作用，见高岭土充填裂缝；c. B9-16，5 048 m，微裂缝切穿长石颗粒，正交光；d. B9-1，4 068 m，微裂缝发育，部分被泥质充填，单偏光；e. B9-3，4 444 m，沿微裂缝长石的溶蚀扩大孔，单偏光；f. B9-14，4 481 m，钾长石溶蚀形成的准铸模孔，单偏光；g. B9-15，5 213 m，微裂缝中早期白云石被溶蚀，单偏光；h. B3-5，4 621 m，碎裂钾长石颗粒先破碎再溶蚀，单偏光
Fig. 2. Characteristics of reservoir space of precambrian metamorphic rocks in Bozhong Depression
图 3 太古界变质岩不同矿物含量段裂缝发育差异性
主裂缝黄色箭头，伴生裂缝红色箭头；A段长英质中等含量段，灰色，裂缝中等发育；B段为长英质高含量段，由于暗色矿物含量高岩石颜色为黑灰色；C段为长英质高含量段，由于暗色矿物含量极低，岩心为白色
Fig. 3. Differential development of fractures in different mineral content segments of Precambrian metamorphic rocks
图 4 岩石抗压强度与长石石英含量相关性
Fig. 4. Correlation between rock compressive strength and feldspar quartz content
图 5 太古界潜山风化带与内幕带裂缝发育程度对比（37口井）
Fig. 5. Comparison of crack development degree between the weathering zone and the inner zone of the Precambrian buried hill (37 wells)
图 6 压应力下二长片麻岩声发射事件及空间分布
Fig. 6. Acoustic emission event and spatial distribution of diorite under compressive stress
图 7 张应力下二长片麻岩声发射事件及空间分布
Fig. 7. Acoustic emission event and spatial distribution of diorite under tensile stress
图 8 太古界变质岩裂缝活化差异性及新（黄色箭头）老（红色箭头）裂缝继承性关系
a、b. a：正交偏光，b：与a同一视域荧光. 早期裂缝被大量充填，晚期构造活动对早期裂缝部分再活化改造成为油气有效储层（蓝色箭头），未被活化裂缝未见荧光显示（白色箭头），B9-4井，4 361.61 m. c.早期裂缝被菱铁矿充填，后期裂缝主要延早期裂缝发育，后期流体溶解部分菱铁矿充填物，B9-14井，4 481 m；d.早期裂缝被菱铁矿充填，后期裂缝切穿菱铁矿，在早期裂缝边缘发育，B9-12井，5 163 m；e.早期裂缝被铁方解石充填，后期裂缝切穿方解石在边缘发育，部分晚期裂缝沿着早期裂缝方向在近早期裂缝带发育，方解石溶蚀提供了部分储集空间；B9-14井，4 600 m；f.两期裂缝交汇，早期裂缝充填一期充填方解石，一期充填黏土矿物及铁质矿物，后期裂缝主要沿着充填黏土矿物方向发育，部分为再开启裂缝，部分发育在近早期裂缝带，B9-7井，4 537 m，先期裂缝边缘“再活化”新生成裂缝；g. 铁方解石充填，未见后期活化裂缝，储层整体不发育，B6-9井，5 161.5 m；h. 钠长石粒内缝被方解石（Cc）充填，未见后期活化裂缝，储层整体不发育，B9-9井，5 098 m；i.微裂缝绿泥石（C）充填，未见后期活化裂缝，储层整体不发育，B9-9井，5 234.5 m
Fig. 8. Differential activation of fractures in ancient metamorphic rocks and inheritance relationship between new (yellow arrow) and old (red arrow) fractures
图 9 渤中凹陷太古界变质岩裂缝中方解石U-Pb年龄
a.B9-12井，4 935 m；b.B9-14井，4 367.27 m；c.B9-12井，5 100 m
Fig. 9. U-Pb ages of calcite in fractures of Precambrian metamorphic rocks in the Bozhong Depression
图 11 渤中凹陷西南部太古界变质岩潜山不同时期断裂展布图
B-B’为图 10的地震剖面位置
Fig. 11. Distribution pattern of fractures in the buried hills of Precambrian metamorphic rocks in the southwestern part of Bozhong Depression
表 1 发育裂缝与不发育裂缝岩样三轴抗压破裂实验
Table 1. Comparative experiment on triaxial compressive fracture of rock samples with and without developed fractures
井号 深度(m) 岩性 长度(mm) 直径(mm) 抗压强度(MPa) 弹性模量(GPa) 泊松比 B6-8 3 688.78 黑云二长片麻岩（微裂缝发育并见充填） 55.73 25.35 68.74 9.04 0.16 B6-8 3 693.38 黑云二长片麻岩(微裂缝不发育) 55.95 25.17 233 11.89 0.22 
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表 2 不同构造带储层厚度及净毛比统计表
Table 2. Statistical table of reservoir thickness and net to gross ratio in different structural zones
井名 构造带位置 裂缝产状描述 储层厚度(m) 储层净毛比(%) B9-2sa 构造带西侧：印支期逆冲断裂与燕山期-喜山期长期活动走滑断裂密集叠加带 近东西向为主 290.9 49.2% B9-4 北西向为主 220.1 60.0% B9-5 近东西向为主 290.9 49.2% B9-7 近东西向为主 440.1 44.8% B9-9 近东西向为主 344.3 40.4% B9-14 北东东向为主 124.2 18.4% B3-2 近东西向为主 346.0 47.4% B3-4 北西向为主 224.1 29.5% 算数平均值 285.1 42.4% B9-8 构造带东侧：印支期早晚期逆冲断裂叠加带，局部被燕山期断裂扰动 近南北向和近东西向 55.4 22.1% B9-10 近东西向为主 148.8 30.9% B9-11 北西向为主 284.3 30.7% B9-12 北东东向为主 168.0 20.3% B9-15 近东西向为主 104.8 14.1% B9-16 近东西向为主 202.1 25.0% B3-5 近东西向 121.9 20.7% 算数平均值 155.0 23.4%
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