Characterization and Genetic Mechanism of Deep Clastic Reservoirs: A Case Study of Yangwuzhai Block in Raoyang Sag
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摘要: 为了明确深层有利储层发育特征及控制因素，以渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷杨武寨地区沙三下亚段储层为研究对象，通过储层沉积和成岩、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、阴极发光、常规孔渗等技术方法，开展储层特征及储层差异成因研究.结果表明：沙三下亚段岩性以岩屑长石砂岩为主；孔隙度和渗透率均值分别为10.8%和8.79 mD，整体属于低孔‒特低渗储层；成岩阶段处于中成岩A2阶段，成岩复杂，包括压实、胶结和溶蚀作用.主要发育强胶结致密型、溶蚀孔改造型和原生孔保持型3种类型储层.强胶结致密型储层发育在席状朵叶微相中的厚度薄、砂泥互层频繁的砂体中，碳酸盐胶结强且致密；溶蚀孔改造型储层发育于重力流分支水道微相下的薄层砂体中，具有“中等压实‒强溶蚀”的成岩特征，晚期弱烃类充注，晚期碳酸盐胶结溶蚀不充分，储层孔隙性好但渗透率差；原生孔保持型储层发育于重力流水道微相下的厚层砂体中部，具有“绿泥石包壳‒中等压实‒弱碳酸盐胶结”的成岩特征，受晚期强烃类充注对碳酸盐胶结的抑制，储层孔隙性和渗透率均保持较好.该认识对杨武寨地区和类似地质背景地区的深层油气勘探具有指导意义.Abstract: This study aims to reveal the development characteristics and controlling factors of deep favorable reservoirs in the Lower Third Member of the Shahejie Formation (Es3L) in the Yangwuzhai Block of the Raoyang Sag, Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. The reservoir heterogeneous properties and the genetic mechanisms are investigated by an integrated approach combining sedimentological and diagenetic analysis, thin section petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cathodoluminescence (CL), and porosity-permeability measurements. The results indicate that the Es3L reservoirs are dominated by lithic arkose, with average porosity and permeability values of 10.8% and 8.79 mD, respectively, which are generally classified as low-porosity and ultra-low-permeability reservoirs. The reservoirs are at the middle diagenetic stage A2, with complex diagenetic processes including compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Three main reservoir types were identified: (1) tightly cemented reservoirs with strong carbonate cementation, (2) dissolution-enhanced reservoirs with secondary porosity, and (3) primary pore-preserved reservoir. The tightly cemented reservoirs are mainly developed in thin, sheet-like sand bodies of lobe microfacies, characterized by frequent interbedding of sand and shale, with intense carbonate cementation. The dissolution-enhanced reservoirs occur in thin-bedded sand bodies associated with distributary channels of gravity flows, showing a diagenetic sequence of moderate compaction followed by intense dissolution. These reservoirs exhibit high porosity but poor permeability, owing to weak late-stage hydrocarbon charging and limited carbonate dissolution. In contrast, the primary pore-preserved reservoirs are developed in the middle parts of thick sand bodies within gravity flow channel microfacies, and exhibit diagenetic features of chlorite grain-coating, moderate compaction and weak carbonate cementation. Strong late-stage hydrocarbon charging inhibited further carbonate cementation, resulting in relatively favorable reservoir quality. These findings provide valuable insights for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Yangwuzhai area and other regions with similar geological settings.
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Key words:
- deep clastic reservoir /
- diagenesis process /
- high-quality reservoir /
- Raoyang Sag /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 饶阳凹陷杨武寨地区沙河街组三段下亚段地质概况
a.渤海湾盆地构造；b.研究区构造单元划分；c. AA’地震剖面：断裂坡折带控制的三角洲‒湖底扇沉积；d.地层综合柱状图
Fig. 1. Geological backgroud of the Lower 3rd Member of the Shahejie Formation (Es3L) in Yangwuzhai area, Raoyang Sag
图 2 储层岩石类型及矿物组成
Fig. 2. Lithofacies types and mineral composition of the sandstone reservoir
图 3 沙三下亚段储层主要成岩作用特征照片
a.q2-81x井，4 005 m，凹凸‒线接触；b.q104x井，4 376.11 m，假杂基化；c.q2-53x井，3 904.26 m，方解石基底式胶结；d.q104x井，4 375.5 m，方解石胶结；e.q75x井，3 654.3 m，白云石胶结；f.q104x井，4 376.2 m，绿泥石膜抑制石英加大边；g.q104x井，4 375.07 m，石英次生加大边；h.q104x井，4 172.38 m，方解石和高岭石；i.q104x井，4 375.33 m，颗粒表面绿泥石；j.q104x井，4 175.91 m，颗粒表面伊蒙混层和伊利石；k.q2-81x井，3 863 m，溶蚀充分残留黏土包膜；l.q2-81x井，3 782 m，碳酸盐胶结溶蚀
Fig. 3. Images illustrating key diagenetic features of the reservoir in the Es3L
图 4 沙三下亚段储层孔隙特征
a.q104x井，4 375.26 m，原生粒间孔隙；b.q104x井，4 376.11 m，原生粒间孔隙；c.q2-81x井，3 863 m，长石粒内溶孔和粒缘溶孔；d.q75x井，3 654.3 m，次生溶孔为主；e.q2-81x井，3 782 m，碳酸盐胶结溶孔；f.q2-53x井，3 902.94 m，板岩粒内溶孔
Fig. 4. Pore characteristics of the reservoir in the Es3L
图 5 储层物性特征
a、b.各井测井孔隙度、渗透率随深度的变化；c、d.沙三下亚段实测孔隙度和渗透率的频率分布直方图
Fig. 5. Reservoir property characteristics
图 6 沙三下亚段主要储层特征及发育位置
圆圈代表典型样品位置
Fig. 6. Main reservoir characteristics and distribution of the Es3L
图 7 沉积微相、岩石结构与物性相关性
Fig. 7. Correlation between sedimentary microfacies, rock texture and physical properties
图 8 储层主要成岩作用的定量表征
Fig. 8. Quantitative characterization of the main diagenetic processes in the reservoir
图 9 杨武寨地区沙三下亚段主要黏土矿物含量与储层物性关系
Fig. 9. The relationship between the content of major clay minerals and reservoir physical properties in the Es3L of the Yangwuzhai area
图 10 沙三下亚段不同类型储层埋藏史‒热史、成岩及孔隙度演化
Fig. 10. Burial history, thermal history, diagenesis and porosity evolution of different types of reservoirs in the Es3L
表 1 研究区沙三下亚段成岩阶段指标
Table 1. Diagenetic stage indicators and parameters of the Es3L in the study area
指标 Ro（%） Tmax（℃） %S 最小值‒最大值 0.5~1.0 403~506 15~30 平均值 0.79 438.3 18.4 N 49 128 28 注：“%S”为伊蒙混层中蒙脱石占比. 
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