Relationship between Granitic Pegmatite and Granite
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摘要: 花岗伟晶岩是稀有金属的重要来源.近些年来的大量岩石地球化学研究成果表明，花岗伟晶岩与花岗岩的关系是较复杂的，可概括为4类：“父子关系”，花岗伟晶岩是花岗岩浆分异演化的晚期产物；“兄弟关系”，花岗伟晶岩与花岗岩是成分相似的岩浆同时或近于同时分别独立演化结晶的产物；“间接关系”，花岗伟晶岩由已存在的花岗岩经（多阶段）重熔形成；花岗伟晶岩与花岗岩无关，伟晶岩与花岗岩的形成存在显著时差和源区成分差异，由变沉积岩深熔形成的独立伟晶质岩浆结晶形成.岩浆储库的晶粥模型和穿地壳岩浆系统为探讨伟晶岩与花岗岩关系提供了重要依据.应注意继承矿物的识别和同质异位素对铪同位素组成的影响；加强标准物质研制和定年技术提高；开展非传统同位素分馏特点和机制研究；加强相关花岗岩复式岩体岩石地球化学和大比例尺填图研究.Abstract: Many recent studies indicate that the relationship between granitic pegmatite and granite is complex and can be summarized simply into four types: "Father-son relationship", i.e. granitic pegmatites are the late products of highly differentiated and evolved granitic magma; "Brotherly relationship", granitic pegmatite and granite are the products of simultaneous or near-simultaneous independent crystallization of magma with similar compositions; "Indirect relationship", formation of rare metal pegmatites through multi-stage partial melting of source granite; "No relationship between granitic pegmatite and granite", relative big time-gap and different source materials for pegmatite and granite are displayed in many pegmatite fields, and anatectic individual pegmatite magma is a reasonable genetic model. Crystal mush reservoir and trans-crustal magmatic system are the important for understanding the relationship between pegmatite and granite. Inheritance (or detrital) minerals for dating and isobaric interference for analysis of hafnium isotopic composition should be pay more attention for the study on the relationship between pegmatite and granite. The establishment and development of techniques and reference materials for isotopic dating need to be enhanced. The study on characteristics and mechanism of non-traditional isotope fractionation during the differentiation and evolution of granitic magma should be strengthened. Petro-geochemical analysis and large-scale mapping of the granite batholith are suggested in order to give more valid evidences for the rare metal pegmatite exploration.
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图 1 幕阜山花岗岩复式岩体及稀有金属花岗伟晶岩环状空间分布
a.幕阜山花岗岩复式岩体地质简图；b.仁里伟晶岩型锂铌钽矿床空间分带；据李鹏等（2017）；文春华等（2019）
Fig. 1. Circular spatial distribution of pegmatite related to Mufushan granite batholith
图 2 伟晶岩成矿元素与花岗岩关系模型
据Černý（1991b）；Müller et al.（2017修改）
Fig. 2. Regional zoning model of rare metals around pegmatite related to granite
图 3 东秦岭古生代花岗岩与伟晶岩分布
修改自周起凤等（2021）；张帅等（2019）；刘刚等（2017）；袁峰等（2017）
Fig. 3. Distribution sketch map of Paleozoic granites and pegmatites in East Qinling district
图 4 喜马拉雅东段洛扎地区嘎波伟晶岩地质图(据李光明等，2022)
Fig. 4. Geological map of the Gabo pegmatite lithium deposit in the Luozha area (after Li et al., 2022)
图 5 稀有金属花岗岩与似伟晶岩
a.阿尔泰阿斯喀尔特；b.江西黄山松树岡；c.内蒙巴尔哲；d.广西栗木；修改自刘文政等（2015）；Zhu et al.（2015）；杨武斌（2012）；张玲和梁磊（2018）
Fig. 5. Pegmatoid in rare metal granites
图 6 可可托海、大红柳滩、白龙山矿区及东秦岭官坡细晶花岗岩和花岗伟晶岩
a.可可托海3b号脉层状细晶岩（张辉和李国胜，2024）；b.白龙山层状细晶岩（王核等，2021）；c白龙山龙门山伟晶岩与细晶岩（唐俊林等，2022）；d，e.东秦岭蔡家沟和南阳山锂伟晶岩内部带中细晶岩（周起凤等，2021）
Fig. 6. Aplite and pegmatite in Keketuohai, Dahailiutan, East Qinling and Bailongshan ore fields
图 7 甲基卡矿田钠长-锂辉石矿脉矿石结构构造
a.微晶、细晶锂辉石韵律条带；b.微晶、细晶、梳妆锂辉石；c.地表梳状与细晶锂辉石条带；spo.锂辉石；据付小方等（2021）
Fig. 7. Texture characteristics of the albite-spodumene vein in the Jiajika ore field
图 8 甲基卡锂矿区深部钻探(JSD-1—JSD-2—JSD-3)联合剖面显示的花岗岩(GS-1和GS-2)、变质沉积岩(T3)和伟晶岩(Pg)多层次穹状花岗岩席和侵入变质沉积岩的伟晶岩脉群组成多层三明治结构
红色、粉色和橙色圆圈分别代表花岗岩、贫锂伟晶岩和锂矿伟晶岩的年龄，黑虚线推测构造带Ⅰ和Ⅱ的分界；两条绿虚线之间为推测富锂伟晶岩带；BR-BC.巴罗-巴肯变质带；据许志琴等（2023）
Fig. 8. JSD-1—JSD-2—JSD-3 profile showing multi-layer domal granitic sheets (GS-1 and GS-2) and pegmatites (Pg) intruded in the metasediments (T3)
图 9 地壳深熔形成富锂伟晶岩的成岩模型简图(据Koopmans et al., 2024)
Fig. 9. Schematic petrogenetic model for generating lithium-rich pegmatites via crustal anatexis (after Koopmans et al., 2024)
图 10 江西九岭花岗岩地质图
a.九岭新元古代花岗岩；1.新元古代花岗岩；2.中生代花岗岩；3.断层；4.研究区域；b.九岭元古代花岗岩中燕山期花岗岩；1.联圩组；2.青白口系修水组；3.青白口系安乐林组上段；4.青白口系安乐林组中段；5.青白口系安乐林组下段；6.青白口系宜丰岩组；7.白水洞岩体白云母二长花岗岩；8.武堂岩体二云母二长花岗岩；9.古阳寨岩体二云母二长花岗岩；10.甘坊岩体二云母二长花岗岩；11.石花尖岩体黑云母花岗闪长岩；12.九岭岩体黑云母二长花岗岩；13.九岭岩体黑云母花岗闪长岩；14.九岭岩体黑云母英云闪长岩；15.伟晶岩脉/采样点；16.霏细斑岩脉/细晶岩脉；17.断裂/地质界线；18.蚀变花岗岩型/细晶岩型锂矿床；据张福神等（2020）；李仁泽等（2020）；徐喆等（2024）
Fig. 10. Geological map of the Neoproterozoic granites in Jiuling area, Jiangxi Province
图 11 九岭新元古代和燕山期花岗岩锆石Hf-O同位素相关关系
地幔εHf（t）为12，δ18O为5.6×10-3；变火成岩源区可用锆石的δ18O（< 8.0×10-3）识别，变沉积岩源区δ18O（全岩平均11.0×10-3，据Simon and Lécuyer，2005）；底图据李献华等（2009）；数据取自Wang et al.（2013，2014c）；Wei et al.（2018）
Fig. 11. εHf(t) vs.δ18O diagram for zircons in Jiuling Neoproterozoic and Yanshanian granites
图 12 可可托海伟晶岩田地质简图(据闫军武等，2020)
Fig. 12. Sketch geology map of Koktokay area (modified from Yan et al., 2020)
图 13 美国Mt Mica伟晶岩、淡色体与Sabago花岗岩稀土球粒陨石标准化(a)及微量元素全地壳标准化(b)对比
据Simmons et al.（2016）；伟晶岩（红色），淡色体（蓝色），Sabro花岗岩（绿色）
Fig. 13. Whole rock chondrite-normalized REE (a) and total crust -normalized trace element (b) spider diagrams for the Mt. Mica pegmatites, leucosomes and Sabago granites
图 14 控制伟晶岩形成与侵入体关系的地壳剖面简图(据Müller et al., 2017)
Fig. 14. Schematic crustal profile illustrating the contrasting controls on the formation of pegmatites in a pluton-related and a pluton-unrelated scenario (after Müller et al., 2017)
图 15 晶粥模型和穿地壳岩浆系统
a.上地壳岩浆系统，硅质熔体从下面深层间歇式补给的底侵基性岩浆镁铁质岩浆分离出来；b.穿地壳岩浆系统：地壳深部熔体过程产生的熔体转移到地壳中部，最终转移到地壳上层.该系统中短暂的垂直连通性潜力表明熔体透镜连续不稳定的可能性；c.岩浆（橘色）和晶粥（灰色）流变的变化是颗粒体积含量的函数；据Cashman et al.（2017），Bachmann and Bergantz(2004)
Fig. 15. Models of magma mush and transcrustal magmatic system
图 16 云母高度不相容元素i, j在花岗岩和伟晶岩在由不连续周期性部分熔融
同成因（a）和不同成因液体（b）产生的液体分离结晶过程中的理论演化关系；c.海西期St-Sylvestre（SSLG）淡色花岗岩与其MAPF伟晶岩[Rb]液体-[Cs]液体演化示意图（据Villaros and Pichavant, 2019）；Co.原始液体成分；Cl.分离结晶的液体成分；Cf.最终液体成分；bi.黑云母；mu.白云母；WR.全岩
Fig. 16. Schematic theoretical evolution of two highly incompatible elements (i and j) in liquids in the case of fractional crystallization of cogenetic
图 17 阿尔金吐格曼稀有金属伟晶岩脉中铌钽铁矿背散射图与U-Pb年龄
Fig. 17. BSE images and element mapping results of columbite-tantalite from the Tugeman pegmatite
表 1 与花岗岩有关的伟晶岩及花岗岩岩石地球化学
Table 1. Litho-geochemistry of pegmatites related to granites
伟晶岩 成矿元素 年龄(Ma) εHf(t) 相关花岗岩 岩石类型 年龄(Ma) εHf(t) 参考文献 仁里 Ta-Nb-Li-Be超大型 130.5 (辉钼矿；
133.0，138.4, 136.0（铌钽铁矿U-Pb）-8.3~-6.6 幕阜山
2 400 km2闪长岩；花岗闪长岩，黑云母花岗岩；二云母花岗岩 闪长岩154；
黑云母二长花岗岩148~140；
二云母二长花岗岩138~127闪长岩: -0.92；
黑云母二长花岗岩: -11.5~-6.13；
二云母二长花岗岩: -10.8~-5.4周芳春等(2019)；
Wang et al.(2014);
李乐广等(2023)
Ji et al.(2017);
文春华等(2019);
许畅等(2019);
Li et al.(2020);
黄小强等(2021)西昆仑白龙山 Li多金属超大型 208.1±1.5（铌钽铁矿U-Pb）
207.4±0.6（独居石U-Pb）
211.3±5.0（锡石U-Pb）-12.6~-5.4 δ18O (‰): 10.4~12.6（锆石） 白龙山 石英闪长岩 216.8~212.3 -14.12~4.58 δ18O (‰): 10.11 ~13.46（锆石） 王核等(2017);
Zhou et al.(2021);
魏小鹏等(2017);
唐俊林等(2022)；
Yan et al.(2022)花岗闪长岩 210~209 二云母二长花岗岩 216 二云母花岗岩 208~209 细晶钠长花岗岩 209 西昆仑肖尔布龙，霍什塔什 Li，Be (Nb, Ta)超大型 205(锆石) -5.3~-4.1 二云母花岗岩 208 -6.9~-5.8 Yan et al.(2022);
王核等(2022)206(铌钽铁矿） 204(独居石） 阿尔金吐格曼塔什萨依 Li, Li-Be中-大型 485~454（锆石，铌钽铁矿，锡石)
436~434, 415(铌钽铁矿)角闪黑云母花岗岩、二云母钾长花岗岩、二云母二长花岗岩、白云母碱长花岗岩、电气石石榴子石钠长花岗岩细晶花岗岩 490~480 -12.0~+3.3 徐兴旺等(2019);
Gao et al.(2021);
李杭等(2022);
Li et al.(2023);
Ma et al.(2024)480~440 435~415 东秦岭官坡 Li, Nb, Ta, Be大型 422~418（锡石） 灰池子340 km2
大毛沟
6 km2黑云母二长花岗岩
含石榴石正长花岗岩450~432 +5.3~+7.8 李伍平等(2000);
Yuan et al.(2020);
曾威等(2021);
韩金生(2022未发表)426~418 东秦岭光石沟 U大型 黑云母
伟晶岩-2.8~1.8 高山沟
大毛沟
1~6 km2含石榴石正长花岗岩 421 -5.1~2.4 袁峰等(2017)；
Chen et al.(2018，2020)415, 420, 419 不含矿黑云母伟晶岩
414东秦岭陈家庄 U小型 416 黄龙庙
75 km2黑云母花岗岩 448~446 赵如意等(2014)；
张帅等(2019)；
王江波等(2020)陈家庄
0.5 km2含石榴石二长花岗岩 418~415 
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表 2 呈兄弟关系的伟晶岩及花岗岩岩石地球化学
Table 2. Litho-geochemistry of Brotherly relationship of pegmatite and granite
伟晶岩 成矿元素 年龄(Ma) εHf(t) 相关花岗岩 岩石类型 年龄(Ma) εHf(t) 参考文献 阿斯卡尔特 Be-Nb-Mo大型 229~218(辉钼矿) -1.50~1.69 白云母钠长花岗岩；白云母花岗岩；5 km2 222~215 -0.72~1.99 刘文政(2015)；
王春龙(2015)；
丁欣等(2016)；
闫军武等(2020)甲基卡 Li(Be, Nb, Ta, Cs, Sn)超大型 223~204锆石，锡石；216~214铌钽铁矿 -10.39~-5.4 马颈子5.3 km2 二云母花岗岩；细晶岩 223~206 -24.4~+2.9 郝雪峰(2015);
李贤芳(2020)；
周雄等(2021);
付小方(2021)；
许志琴等(2023)
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表 3 花岗岩及其多阶段熔融形成的花岗岩与伟晶岩岩石地球化学
Table 3. Litho-geochemistry of pegmatites produceded by multi-stage partial melting of source granite
花岗岩 岩石类型 年龄(Ma) εHf(t) 伟晶岩或花岗岩 成矿元素 年龄(Ma) εHf(t) 参考文献 九岭 花岗闪长岩
黑云母二长花岗岩
英云闪长岩
3 680 km2833~808(锆石) -6.76~+9.22，平均+3.8；锆石δ18O: 6.79~11.5平均7.36‰ 甘坊花岗岩400 km2 Li，Ta, Nb 二云母二长花岗岩：144~147
白云母花岗岩：141~144
细晶岩：138（锡石）-11.4~-7.5 Wang et al.(2013, 2014, 2017);
段政等(2017)；
Wei et al.(2018);
张福神(2020);
曾闰灵等(2023)石门寺 石门寺花岗岩 W, Cu, Mo, Li, Nb, Ta 似斑状黑云母花岗岩、似斑状二云母花岗和花岗斑岩, 150~140 Ma -10.0~+0.58，平均-5.22;
锆石δ18O 6.64‰~8.87‰，平均7.47‰潘大鹏(2017)；
Wei et al.(2018)；
刘莹等(2018)古阳寨 古阳寨伟晶岩 Be, Li 139(独居石) 徐喆等(2024)；
曾闰灵(2023)
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表 4 九岭新元古代及燕山期花岗岩类与双桥山群元素与Nd、Hf、O同位素组成对比
Table 4. The comparison of Nd, Hf and O isotope compositions of Yanshannian granites with Neoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Formation
岩石 岩石类型 年龄(Ma) Li Ba Nb Ta W Cu εHf(t) εNd(t) δ18O(‰) (10-6) 九岭 花岗闪长岩
黑云母二长花岗岩
英云闪长岩833~808 64.3~362.0 4.3~11.0 3.1~11.1 0.6~0.98 13.8~51.3 41~81.5 -0.8~+9.2(173个点)平均+4.0 -4.0~-1.3平均-2.9 6.6~12.0平均8.2(39个点) 双桥山群 (凝灰质)千枚岩
变砂岩
角页岩
片岩830~815 52.0~76.9 2.2~2.7 11.0~13.8 0.84~0.98 1.81~2.1 21.9~29.2 -16.5~-2.6(16个点)平均-11.1 -7.6~-0.4-10.4~-2.2-0.3~+0.7 10.7~12.7平均11.7 甘坊 二云母花岗岩 210 210 10.52 15.2 4.52 3.14 -11.4~-7.5平均-7.6 -6.4~ -9.2平均-7.7 石门寺 似斑状黑云母花岗岩
似斑状二云母花岗
花岗斑岩150~140 59.2 265.7 -10.0~+0.6, 平均-5.2 -8.0~-7.5 8.9~6.6, 平均7.5 上地壳 21 2.1 12 0.9 2 28 注： Wang et al.（2013 ，2014）；Wang et al.（2017b） ；段政等（2017）；Wei et al.（2018） ；张福神等（2020）；曾闰灵等（2023）；Wei et al.（2018） ；段政等（2017）；Fan et al.（2019） ；孙克克等（2017）；周效华等（2012）；霍海龙等（2018）；Rudnick and Gao（2003）.
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表 5 伟晶岩及与其无关围岩花岗岩的岩石地球化学
Table 5. Litho-geochemistry of No relationship between granitic pegmatite and granite
伟晶岩 成矿元素 年龄εHf(t) εHf(t) 花岗岩 岩石类型 年龄εHf(t) εHf(t) 参考文献 阿尔泰柯鲁姆特，卡鲁安 Li、Be、Nb、Ta大-超大型 238~188
228~211+0.03~+2.35
+9.9~+15.2
+0.65~+2.50哈龙600 km2 黑云母花岗岩；二云母花岗岩 456~446 -1.41 ~+4.13 马占龙等(2015)；
Zhang et al.(2016)；
Lü et al.(2012)别也萨麻斯 Li、Be、Nb_Ta中型 151~160 +0.62~+1.30 二云母二长花岗岩；二云母花岗岩 449~376 +1.35~+14.9 吕正航等(2015)；
丁建刚等(2020)；
何晗晗等(2020)可可托海三号脉 Li, Be, Nb, Ta, Cs超大型 208~202铌钽铁矿；220~208
199~172锆石，辉钼矿+1.25~+2.39 阿拉尔1 300~2 000 km2 黑云母二长花岗岩; 碱长花岗岩 219~210 +1.0~+4.0-4.2~+4.9 Wang et al.(2006, 2007)；
刘锋等(2012)；
刘宏(2013)；
Che et al.(2015)；
陈剑锋等(2018)；
闫军武等(2020)福建南平 Ta, Nb (Li, Be, Cs)大型 391~343 -13.81~-11.60 西芹38.5 km2 含钠铁闪石钾长花岗岩 419~412 -3.3~-0.7 Cai et al.(2017)
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