Diversified Enrichment Regularity of Dispersed Elements of Chengmenshan Cu Polymetallic Deposit from Jiangxi Province
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摘要: 斑岩-矽卡岩型铜矿床中伴生的稀散元素之间存在明显的差异化富集，其规律尚需深入研究.对城门山斑岩-矽卡岩铜多金属矿床的矿石开展了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察，并对钻孔中的稀散元素（Te、Se、Ga、Ge、Cd、In和Tl）和Bi含量开展了相关性分析、聚类分析和分形分析等研究.城门山矿床中的Te以独立矿物为主、少量赋存于硫化物中，其他稀散元素大多呈类质同象赋存于不少于两种硫化物中.复杂的赋存状态导致稀散元素的含量除Tl呈简单分形外，均呈多重分形分布.城门山矿床中的稀散元素具有沉淀顺序先后分开、富集位置空间错位的差异化富集规律，主要受温度、pH、硫逸度和氧逸度等物化条件以及元素性质的制约.稀散元素差异化富集规律的深入研究，可以有效避免在勘查评价过程中遗漏伴生稀散元素矿床.建立了城门山矿床的稀散元素原生晕分布模式，该模式可为伴生稀散元素矿床的成因研究和深部找矿勘查实践提供参考.Abstract: Porphyry-skarn Cu deposits are frequently characterized by high contents of dispersed elements, which exhibit significantly diversified enrichment between them. However, the regularity of the diversified enrichment remains insufficiently understood. In this study, the primary ore minerals present in the Chengmenshan deposit were investigated, using the optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and fractal analysis were employed to explore the relationships between the dispersed elements (Te, Se, Ga, Ge, Cd, In, and Tl) and Bi contents in the drill cores. The results reveal that Te is predominantly hosted by independent minerals, with only a minor fraction incorporated into sulfides. In contrast, other dispersed elements are incorporated by at least two types of sulfide. The distribution patterns of the dispersed elements at Chengmenshan exhibit multifractal patterns, except for Tl, which follows a simple fractal distribution due to its complex occurrence. The enrichment pattern of these dispersed elements at Chengmenshan is characterized by a sequential separation and spatial dislocation. The pattern is likely influenced by metallogenic factors such as temperature, pH, fS2, and fO2, along with the distinctive geochemical properties of the dispersed elements. This research demonstrates that an understanding of the diversified enrichment regularity of these dispersed elements could be instrumental in identifying independent deposits of these elements. Furthermore, a primary halo distribution model for the dispersed elements in the Chengmenshan deposit has been developed, which may serve as a valuable reference for studying the genesis of associated dispersed element deposits and for the prospecting and exploration of deeply buried targets.
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Key words:
- dispersed elements /
- diversified enrichment /
- fractal distribution /
- Chengmenshan deposit /
- primary halo /
- ore deposit
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图 1 九瑞矿集区地质平面图（据Pan and Dong, 1999; Xie et al., 2019修改）
Fig. 1. Geological map of the Jiurui district (modified after Pan and Dong, 1999; Xie et al., 2019)
图 3 城门山矿床矿化蚀变特征手标本照片
a.黄铁矿化、硅化、高岭土化花岗闪长岩斑岩，长石被蚀变呈白色；b.硅化、黄铁矿化、辉钼矿化石英斑岩；c.花岗闪长岩斑岩被多世代热液脉（黄铁矿+石英→石英+辉钼矿+黄铁矿→黄铁矿+黄铜矿+方铅矿+闪锌矿+石英）穿插；d.石榴子石矽卡岩被脉状、浸染状黄铜矿穿插交代；e.块状黄铜矿黄铁矿矿石，见少量石榴子石和磁铁矿，角闪石集合体被黄铁矿细脉穿插；f.块状磁铁矿被黄铜矿黄铁矿脉穿插；g.块状黄铜矿矿石，见少量磁铁矿；h.块状铅锌矿石；i.块状黄铁矿矿石，有少量石英砂岩残留.矿物缩写：Amp.角闪石；Bt.黑云母；Ccp.黄铜矿；Grt.石榴子石；Gn.方铅矿；Mag.磁铁矿；Mol.辉钼矿；Py.黄铁矿；Q.石英；Sph.闪锌矿
Fig. 3. Specimens showing the mineralization and alteration features of the Chengmenshan deposit
图 4 城门山矿床矿化蚀变特征镜下照片
a.石榴子石矽卡岩被磁铁矿交代再被黄铜矿和黄铁矿穿插交代，少量磁铁矿被赤铁矿交代；黄铜矿、闪锌矿与退化蚀变阶段角闪石共生；b.石榴子石矽卡岩被黄铁矿和闪锌矿交代，闪锌矿中较多黄铜矿出溶；c.黄铜矿和闪锌矿、角闪石共生；d.半自形白铁矿和他形第二世代黄铁矿（Py2）充填包裹自形第一世代黄铁矿（Py1）；e. Py2与白铁矿、黝铜矿交代Py1，黝铜矿中见少量黄铜矿和斑铜矿；f.黄铜矿和斑铜矿包裹、交代Py1，斑铜矿被铜蓝沿颗粒边缘进行交代；g.黄铜矿与黝铜矿包裹穿插碎裂状Py1；h.方铅矿、闪锌矿包裹Py1，二者被黄铜矿和黝铜矿交代和穿插；i.方铅矿包裹Py1，但被黝铜矿和少量黄铜矿交代. a~i均为反射光照片.矿物缩写：Amp.角闪石；Bn.斑铜矿；Ccp.黄铜矿；Cv.铜蓝；Grt.石榴子石；Gn.方铅矿；Hem.赤铁矿；Mag.磁铁矿；Mrc.白铁矿；Mol.辉钼矿；Py.黄铁矿；Q.石英；Sph-闪锌矿；Ttr.黝铜矿
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs showing the mineralization and alteration features of the Chengmenshan deposit
图 5 城门山矿床中稀散元素和Bi含量频率分布直方图
Fig. 5. Frequency distribution histogram of the dispersed elements and Bi of the Chengmenshan deposit
图 6 城门山矿床中稀散元素和Bi含量对数Q-Q图解
Fig. 6. lg Q-Q plot of the contents of dispersed elements and Bi of the Chengmenshan deposit
图 7 城门山矿床A-B剖面中钻孔矿石稀散元素和Bi含量
Fig. 7. Contents of dispersed elements and Bi in drill cores of the section A-B from the Chengmenshan deposit
图 8 城门山矿床钻孔中矿石稀散元素和Bi聚类分析树状图
Fig. 8. Dendrograms of the dispersed elements and Bi in drill cores of the Chengmenshan deposit
图 9 城门山矿床稀散元素和Bi含量‒含量求和双对数散点图
Fig. 9. Scatter plots of the lg values of Te, Se, Ga, and Ge contents and content summation of the Chengmenshan deposit
图 10 城门山矿床稀散元素独立矿物BSE照片
a~c.闪锌矿包裹Te-Bi矿物组合，Te-Bi矿物组合具有核幔边结构，核部为多孔状辉铋矿+自然铋，幔部为多孔状硫铜铋矿+自然铋，边部为毛刺状硫铋铜矿；d.闪锌矿包裹Te-Bi-Cu矿物组合，从核部到边部依次为辉碲铋矿‒辉铋矿‒自然铋‒硫铋铜矿‒硫铜铋矿，辉碲铋矿被辉铋矿交代，辉铋矿被交代形成自然铋、硫铋铜矿和硫铜铋矿；e.辉碲铋矿被碲银矿和硫铋铜矿穿插交代，整体被黝铜矿包裹；f.黝铜矿包裹黄铁矿、碲银矿和碲银矿+碲铋矿矿物组合；g.黝铜矿包裹第二世代黄铁矿、裹辉铋矿+辉锑铋矿和辉铋矿+碲银矿+硫铋铜矿组合；h. 硫锑铅矿、方铅矿和疑似块硫锑铜矿共生，后者含纳米级条带状Cd矿物包体；i.疑似块硫锑铜矿中纳米级含Cd矿物包体.Bi.自然铋；Bmt.辉铋矿；Ccp.黄铜矿；Emp.硫铜铋矿；Fam.块硫锑铜矿；Gn.方铅矿；Hes.碲银矿；Hor.辉锑铋矿；Jam.硫锑铅矿；Py.黄铁矿；Sph.闪锌矿；Tel.碲铋矿；Tet.辉碲铋矿；Ttr.黝铜矿；Wtc.硫铋铜矿
Fig. 10. BSE images showing the independent minerals dispersed elements of the Chengmenshan deposit
图 11 城门山矿床碲铋矿物元素扫描电镜面扫描特征
Bi.自然铋；Bmt.辉铋矿；Hes.碲银矿；Py.黄铁矿；Tel.碲铋矿
Fig. 11. Elements maps of Te-Bi minerals of the Chengmenshan deposit by scanning electron microscope
图 12 城门山矿床稀散元素和Bi元素赋存状态示意图（基于矿物中的平均含量，10‒6）
Fig. 12. Occurrence of dispersed elements and Bi in the Chengmenshan deposit (based on their average contents in mineral, 10‒6)
图 13 城门山矿床稀散元素原生晕分布模式
Fig. 13. Distribution model of the primary halo of dispersed elements in the Chengmenshan deposit
表 1 城门山矿床钻孔中矿石稀散元素和Bi元素含量（10‒6）
Table 1. Contents (10‒6) of dispersed elements and Bi in drill cores of the Chengmenshan deposit
元素 Te Se Ga Ge Cd In Tl Bi 统计数 290 294 274 274 242 240 261 228 平均值 9.86 8.22 18.0 11.1 79.3 4.78 3.81 57.6 标准差 15.7 16.7 12.9 14.8 178 6.25 11.7 142 最小值 0.03 0.09 1.89 0.12 0.36 0.01 0.01 0.48 最大值 119 198 91.1 170 995 41.8 140 1020 偏度 3.35 6.92 2.72 5.70 3.21 2.90 7.50 4.46 变异系数 1.59 2.03 0.72 1.33 2.25 1.31 3.07 2.46 地壳值* 0.005 0.12 15 1.4 0.1 0.52 0.05 0.085 平均富集程度（平均值/地壳值） 1 972 68.5 1.20 7.92 793 9.19 76.3 677 最大富集程度（最大值/地壳值） 23 750 1 650 6.07 122 9 950 80.4 2 800 12 000 资源量（t）** 5 542 1 457 4 981 537 10 431 / 1 639 / 注：*：地壳值据Wedepohl (1995)；**：资源量数据据高任等(2022)；“/”表示无数据. 
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表 2 城门山矿床钻孔中矿石稀散元素和Bi等元素含量相关系数矩阵
Table 2. Correlation coefficient matrix of dispersed elements and Bi in drill cores of the Chengmenshan deposit
元素 Te Se Ga Ge Cd In Tl Bi As Sb Se 0.05 Ga 0.02 0.13* Ge 0.15* 0.00 ‒0.04 Cd 0.24** 0.27** 0.22** ‒0.12 In 0.24** 0.28** 0.26** ‒0.04 0.52** Tl 0.20** 0.00 0.22** 0.15* 0.28** 0.24** Bi 0.54** 0.00 ‒0.09 0.26** 0.09 0.39** 0.16* As 0.24** ‒0.10 0.05 0.35** 0.10 0.12 0.38** 0.16 Sb 0.25** ‒0.06 0.23** 0.24** 0.15 0.26** 0.48** 0.35** 0.55** Sn 0.28** 0.12 0.18* ‒0.3** 0.60** 0.10 0.13 ‒0.08 0.06 0.17 注：**：在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关，用粗体字表示；*：在0.05水平（双侧）上显著相关.
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表 3 城门山矿床钻孔中矿石稀散元素和Bi元素含量（10‒6）分形分析结果
Table 3. Fractal analysis results of the dispersed elements and Bi contents (10‒6) in drill cores of the Chengmenshan deposit
元素 分维数D 富集程度 D1 R2 分界值1 D2 R2 分界值2 D3 R2 地壳值* 分界值1/地壳值 分界值2/地壳值 Te 0.12 0.95 10 0.47 0.99 30 1.61 0.98 0.005 2 000 6 000 Se 0.12 0.93 5 0.49 0.98 15 0.70 0.99 0.12 41.7 125 Ga 0.05 0.82 10 0.99 1.00 25 1.82 1.00 15 0.67 1.67 Ge 0.07 0.99 9 0.84 0.97 25 1.16 0.92 1.4 6.43 17.9 Cd 0.01 0.97 30 0.15 0.92 200 0.93 0.94 0.1 300 2 000 In 0.30 0.88 5 1.12 0.98 17 3.61 0.99 0.05 100 340 Tl 0.20 0.98 20 1.20 0.94 / / / 0.52 38.5 / Bi 0.03 0.82 50 0.55 0.99 300 1.40 0.99 0.085 588 3 529 注：R2表示各段拟合直线的相关系数；*表示地壳值据Wedepohl（1995）；“/”表示无数据.
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表 4 城门山矿床硫化物中稀散元素和Bi含量（10‒6）LA-ICP-MS微区分析结果
Table 4. LA-ICP-MS analysis results of the dispersed elements and Bi contents (10‒6) in sulfides of the Chengmenshan deposit
矿物 元素 Te Se Ga Ge Cd In Tl Re Bi 黄铁矿* 最大值 179 183 6.07 3.91 448 76.6 114 / 3 042 最小值 0.01 0.40 0.01 0.80 0.01 0.01 0.01 / 0.01 平均值 12.9 23.2 0.24 1.80 5.89 1.25 1.33 / 149 黄铜矿** 最大值 6.08 82.2 37.5 29.2 63.3 282 11.5 0.16 65.2 最小值 0.15 6.81 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 < 0.04 平均值 2.06 34.0 9.42 2.78 10.3 59.8 0.66 0.01 10.2 闪锌矿** 最大值 0.87 33.7 221 12.9 6 022 793 0.13 / 11.6 最小值 0.03 3.13 3.50 0.03 3 100 0.52 0.01 / 0.01 平均值 0.28 14.0 41.7 1.10 4 211 170 0.03 / 2.73 辉钼矿** 最大值 9.54 277 0.31 3.08 28.2 0.15 12.4 496 47.6 最小值 < 38.4 < < 11.1 0.03 0.01 128 0.18 平均值 2.64 78.8 0.06 0.64 22.4 0.10 2.02 277 8.74 注：*：据 Du et al.(2020) 和Guo et al.(2023) ；**：据Guo et al.(2023) ；“/”表示无有效数据；“ < ”表示低于检出限.
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