Cenozoic Evolution of Large Rivers in South China: Constraints from Sedimentary Archive in Northern South China Sea
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摘要: 印度‒欧亚大陆碰撞和青藏高原隆升，深刻地改变了亚洲地形及气候格局，引发了大河水系的重大调整.近年来，南海北缘大河演化成为地学研究的前沿和热点问题.近海油气勘探和国际大洋钻探计划（IODP）的实施，为重建华南主要大河演化提供了连续且年代精确的沉积记录.梳理了近20年来南海北缘新生代盆地的沉积物源研究，讨论了华南主要大河演化（包括红河和珠江等）的沉积学研究进展.莺歌海盆地物源研究显示，晚始新世以来红河是该盆地主要物源供给者；并且莺歌海盆地与青藏高原东南缘其他大河（包括怒江、澜沧江和长江等）的物源信号差异较大（如碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和钾长石Pb同位素等），表明晚始新世以来这些大河并未汇入莺歌海盆地，即青藏高原东南缘并不存在巨型古红河.珠江口盆地在始新世‒早渐新世主要由华南南缘供给沉积物，指示古珠江流域范围较小；晚渐新世在南海打开的驱动下，古珠江向西扩展至青藏东南缘.台湾新生代地层的物源区在晚渐新世由华南沿海转变为武夷山，暗示着古闽江向西扩展.华南沿海主要大河（包括珠江和闽江等）在晚渐新世均经历了由中小型水系向内陆拓展的过程，与南海打开时限基本吻合，表明南海打开控制了这些大河的演化.Abstract: The India-Eurasia collision and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau have profoundly changed the topography and climate patterns of Asia, triggering reorganization of large river systems. Recently, the evolution of large rivers on the northern South China Sea has become a frontier and hot issue in geoscience research. Offshore oil and gas exploration and the implementation of the International Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) have provided continuous and accurately dated sedimentary records for reconstructing the evolution of major rivers in South China. This paper reviews the sedimentary provenance investigations of the Cenozoic basins in the northern South China Sea in the past two decades, and discusses the progress in the evolution of major rivers in South China, such as the Red and Pearl Rivers. Provenance research in the Yinggehai Basin shows that the Red River has been the main supplier since the Late Eocene; and there are differences in provenance signals between the Yinggehai and large rivers of the Tibet Plateau (including the Nujiang, the Lancang and the Yangtze Rivers, indicating that they have not flowed into the Yinggehai Basin since the Late Eocene. During the Eocene to Early Oligocene, the Pearl River Mouth Basin was mainly supplied by the South China, indicating that the Pearl River was relatively small. Driven by the opening of the South China Sea in the Late Oligocene, the Pearl River expanded westward to the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Cenozoic stratigraphy in Taiwan records that the ancient Minjiang River expanded westward to the Wuyi Mountain in the Late Oligocene. This evidence shows that the opening of the South China Sea controlled the evolution of the large rivers in South China.
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Key words:
- South China Sea /
- Pearl River /
- Red River /
- sedimentary provenance /
- large river evolution /
- sedimentology /
- marine geology
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图 1 南海北缘主要大河及新生代盆地分布
Fig. 1. Sketch map showing the large rivers and Cenozoic basins in the northern South China Sea
图 2 莺歌海盆地、珠江口盆地及台湾西部麓山带新生代地层
Fig. 2. Cenozoic stratal sequences correlation of the eastern Asian offshore basins, including the Yinggehai Basin, Pearl River Mouth Basin, and Taiwan
图 3 南海北部新生代地层Nd同位素组成
引自Clift et al., 2006；Jin et al., 2022；Lan et al., 2016；Li et al., 2003；Yan et al., 2018. 灰色线条代表了红河和珠江的Nd同位素比值
Fig. 3. The variations of Nd isotopic composition in northern South China Sea
图 4 莺歌海盆地新生代地层碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布
下部和上部浅灰色区域分别代表了莺歌海盆地的近源供给和远源供给.数据来源：下渐新统（Lei et al., 2019；Shao et al., 2016）；上渐新统（Lei et al., 2019；Yan et al., 2011）；中新统和上新统（Cao et al., 2015；Jiang et al., 2015；Wang et al., 2014, 2016, 2018）；红河（Clift et al., 2006；Van Hoang et al., 2009）；海南岛河流（Wang et al., 2015）
Fig. 4. Compilation of detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the Yinggehai Basin, Red and Hainan Rivers
图 5 莺歌海盆地钾长石Pb同位素组成及与潜在源区的对比（Clift et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2021）
Fig. 5. Compiled Pb isotopic data of detrital K-feldspar of the Yinggehai Basin, compared with potential sources (Clift et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2021)
图 6 珠江口盆地新生界碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄组成
数据来源：Cao et al., 2018；Shao et al., 2016；Yan et al., 2018；Zeng et al., 2019；阙晓铭等，2024
Fig. 6. Compilation of detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 7 珠江口盆地新生代地层钾长石Pb同位素组成（Zhang et al., 2023）
Fig. 7. Pb isotopic data of detrital K-feldspar of the Pearl River Mouth Basin (Zhang et al., 2023)
图 8 台湾碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布
数据来源：He et al., 2013；Lan et al., 2016；Xu et al., 2016；Yang et al., 2012；Zhang et al., 2017
Fig. 8. Compilation of detrital zircon U-Pb ages from Taiwan
图 9 台湾新生界碎屑钾长石Pb同位素组成（Zhang et al., 2022）
Fig. 9. Pb isotopic data of detrital K-feldspar of Cenozoic deposits in Taiwan (Zhang et al., 2022)
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