Development Mechanism of High-Quality Source Rock and Enrichment Processes of Shale Oil in Saline Lacustrine Basin: A Case Study of Upper Member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation, Qaidam Basin
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摘要: 为深入研究咸化湖盆细粒沉积过程中基础地质理论，助力我国页岩油勘探开发，以柴达木盆地始新世咸化湖相沉积（下干柴沟组上段）为研究对象，总结了前人关于优质烃源岩发育机制与页岩油富集过程的研究认识，探讨了目前研究中存在的不足和亟需关注的重点.柴达木盆地为高原山间咸化湖盆，生烃母质类型复杂，包括藻类、细菌、高等植物三大类，其中葡萄藻在间歇性温暖湿润的气候条件、富营养且淡化的水体环境中勃发，与优质烃源岩的发育密切相关.“相对富营养”、“中等盐度”、“适当缺氧”的水体环境有助于形成较高的初级生产力和较好的保存条件，共同促进了咸化湖盆有机质的富集.咸化湖相烃源岩存在典型的“二段式”生烃，可溶有机质与干酪根分别在未成熟和成熟阶段生油，从“源”的角度为页岩油富集奠定物质基础.物性良好的层状灰云岩广泛发育，从“储”的角度保障了页岩油的规模富集.多样化的源储组合类型导致了页岩油差异性聚集，其中源储一体型页岩油以自生自储的方式聚集，烃类富集程度高；源储分异型页岩油以微运移的方式富集，烃类富集程度相对较低，但其轻质组分含量高、可动性较好.下干柴沟组上段中的盐下带是优质烃源岩发育的主要层段，也是当前页岩油勘探开发的目标层位，但是其厚度超过1 200 m，进一步聚焦页岩油“甜点段”是研究的重点.柴达木盆地特殊的形成背景是研究极端水体条件下烃源岩发育机制和页岩油富集过程的典型案例，还存在诸多问题亟需系统性研究，如高盐度水介质条件下湖泊营养元素循环模式、不同咸化阶段有机质的差异富集机制、生物‒环境协同变化规律及对烃源岩品质的控制作用，巨厚页岩层系生烃、成储模式及其差异性，不同源储组合页岩油的赋存、富集机制等.相关研究对进一步明确柴达木盆地页岩层系发育机制、实现页岩油增储上产具有重要意义.Abstract: To enhance the fundamental scientific understanding of fine-grained sedimentation in saline lacustrine basins and to expedite shale oil exploration in China, this study focuses on the Eocene saline lacustrine sediments (the upper member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation) within the Qaidam Basin, summarizing previous research insights regarding the development mechanism of high-quality source rock and the enrichment process of shale oil and discussing existing deficiencies that require urgent attention. The Qaidam Basin is a saline lacustrine basin situated within a mountainous plateau, characterized by a complex hydrocarbon-generating organism composition that includes three primary categories: algae, bacteria, and higher plants. Notably, Botryococcus braunii blooms under conditions marked by intermittent warm-humid climates and nutrient-rich diluted water column, demonstrating a clear responsive relationship with high-quality source rock development. The "relatively eutrophic", "moderate salinity", and "appropriately anoxic" environments promote elevated primary productivity alongside suitable preservation conditions that collectively enhance organic matter accumulation within the saline lacustrine basin.Saline lacustrine source rocks exhibit a characteristic "two-stage" hydrocarbon generation process; soluble organic matter generates oil during immature stages while kerogen produces oil during mature stages, thereby establishing a material foundation for shale oil enrichment from a sourcing perspective. Well-developed layered calcareous dolomite with favorable physical properties ensures large-scale shale oil accumulation from a reservoir standpoint. Diverse source-reservoir combinations dictate differential enrichment patterns of shale oil; specifically, integrated-type shale oils accumulate through self-generation and self-storage processes exhibiting high hydrocarbon contents, whereas differentiated-type shale oils rely on micro-migration for accumulation but display lower overall hydrocarbon contents despite possessing higher light component content.The sub-salt zone within the upper member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation represents an essential stratum for developing high-quality source rock and serves as a critical layer for contemporary shale oil exploration and production. However, its thickness exceeds 1 200 meters, and it has become a focus of research to further pinpoint the sweet spot of shale oil. The distinctive formation background of the Qaidam Basin serves as a paradigmatic case for researching the development mechanism of source rocks and the enrichment process of shale oil under extreme water body circumstances. Numerous scientific challenges necessitate comprehensive investigation, including cycling pattern of lake nutrient elements under the condition of high-salinity water medium, the differential enrichment mechanism of organic matter in diverse salinization stages, the synergistic variation patterns between biological systems and environment and their influence on the quality of source rocks, the hydrocarbon generation process and reservoir formation model within extremely thick shale sequences and their dissimilarities, as well as the occurrence and enrichment mechanisms of shale oil associated with diverse source-reservoir combinations, etc. All these are of significant importance for further clarifying the development mechanism of shale sequences in the Qaidam Basin and facilitating the increase of reserves and production of shale oil.
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Key words:
- saline lacustrine basin /
- high-quality source rock /
- shale oil /
- Qaidam Basin /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 柴达木盆地构造单元与地层分布特征
a.柴达木盆地构造单元划分及油气田分布；b.柴西坳陷下干柴沟组上段地层厚度及油气分布；c.柴西坳陷地层综合柱状图. 修改自青海油田内部资料
Fig. 1. Structural units and stratigraphic distribution characteristics of the Qaidam Basin
图 2 现代高盐度水体（海洋、咸水湖泊）盐度与生物发育特征的协同变化规律示意图
a.典型微生物的盐度耐受范围，海水浓缩比为盆地的流入量与盆地内包括蒸发和退潮在内的流出量之比，g/L与psu盐度的换算假定海水密度为1.05 g/cm3，修改自Barbe et al.（1990）；b.现代海洋不同盐度范围水体对应的生物种类与总量，修改自Warren（2011）
Fig. 2. Synergistic variation patterns diagram of water salinity and biological development characteristics in modern high-salinity aquatic environments (oceans, brackish lakes)
图 3 咸化湖泊水体盐度分层、生物分层与沉积分异模式图
修改自Guo et al.（2020）和Liang et al.（2024）
Fig. 3. The schematic diagram of salinity stratification of water column, biological stratification, and sedimentary differentiation in saline lake
图 4 中国典型深时咸（碱）湖生物‒环境协同变化模式图
a.渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷沙河街组三下亚段沉积时期，修改自李红磊等（2020）；b、c.准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组沉积时期，修改自夏刘文等（2022）
Fig. 4. Synergistic change patterns diagram of biology and environment in typical deep-time saline (alkaline) lakes in China
图 5 下干柴沟组上段沉积期间的生物种群特征，来自有机岩石学和生物标志化合物的指示
显微照片拍摄于透射光和蓝光激发的荧光条件下.a~d.葡萄藻，据Zhang et al.（2023）；e~f.疑源类，据邢蓝田（2022）；g~h.双气囊花粉，据Zhang et al.（2023）；i~l.柴908井宏体藻类；m.跃灰10X井烃源岩饱和烃总离子流图，据Zhang et al.（2023）；n.跃灰103井烃源岩饱和烃总离子流图（部分），高丰度的高支链类异戊二烯烃（C25HBI）指示了硅藻的贡献，据张永东等（2011）；o.柴906井烃源岩饱和烃甾烷类化合物谱图，据郝万鑫等（2023）；p.柴10井烃源岩芳烃类化合物谱图，高丰度芳基类异戊二烯烃和异海绵烷的检出指示了绿、紫硫细菌对有机质的改造作用，据郝万鑫等（2023）
Fig. 5. Biological community characteristics during the sedimentary period of the upper member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation, inferred from organic petrology and biomarker compounds
图 6 下干柴沟组上段纹层型页岩的岩石学特征与葡萄藻分布示意图
显微照片拍摄于反射光和蓝光激发的荧光条件下，修改自Zhang et al.（2023）
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of petrological characteristics and Botryococcus distribution of laminated shale in the upper member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation
图 7 下干柴沟组上段烃源岩总有机碳含量与地球化学指标相关性分析
修改自Liu et al.（2016）和张斌等（2018）.a.总有机碳与生产力指标；b、c.总有机碳与盐度指标；d、e.总有机碳与氧化还原指标
Fig. 7. Correlation analysis of TOC content and geochemical indicators in the upper member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation source rock
图 8 下干柴沟组上段沉积环境演变与页岩油甜点段分布示意图（修改自Wang et al., 2020a）
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of sedimentary environment evolution and shale oil sweet spot distribution in the upper member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation (modified from Wang et al., 2020a)
图 9 柴西坳陷咸化湖相烃源岩生烃模式
a.咸8井自然生烃演化剖面，修改自彭德华（2004）；b.未熟‒成熟二段式生烃模式图，修改自李国欣等（2023b）
Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of hydrocarbon generation model of saline lacustrine source rock in the West Qaidam Depression
图 10 下干柴沟组上段不同岩相储层岩石学特征及物性特征差异示意图
物性评价参数为页岩柱塞样测定的氦气孔隙度和空气渗透率，修改自邢浩婷等（2024）
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of petrological characteristics and physical property differences of different lithofacies reservoirs in the upper member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation
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