Progress on Key Technologies for Logging Evaluation of Deep and Ultra⁃Deep Carbonate Reservoirs
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摘要: 随着我国油气勘探不断向深层‒超深层领域拓展，测井面临着超高温高压、恶劣井筒环境和低信噪比等技术挑战.针对深层‒超深层碳酸盐岩储层测井评价难点，重点讨论了目前制约油气勘探开发的四项关键技术问题：岩性岩相识别、有效缝洞储层表征、流体性质判别和井旁隐蔽缝洞储层评价.针对上述难题，提出基于岩心刻度成像测井，明确不同岩相关键图像特征，形成在岩心约束下的测井岩相识别方法，同时深入分析有效缝洞储层典型响应特征，建立裂缝、溶蚀孔洞识别和定量表征方法；针对高阻背景地层，通过阵列感应测井资料重新处理，实现油基泥浆条件下储层流体性质的准确判别；通过远探测横波成像技术实现井旁3~50 m范围内隐蔽缝洞储层的识别，拓展测井径向探测深度，形成了以成像测井系列为主的深层‒超深层碳酸盐岩储层测井评价技术体系，由此反映中国深层‒超深层碳酸盐岩储层测井评价技术近年来的创新与发展.Abstract: As oil and gas exploration extends into deep and ultra-deep areas, well logging is faced with great technical challenges such as ultra-high temperature and high pressure, harsh wellbore environment and low signal-to-noise ratios. Addressing difficulties in logging evaluation of deep/ultra-deep carbonate reservoir, this paper focuses on four key technical problems that restrict the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep carbonate fields in China: lithology and lithofacies identification, characterization of effective fracture-cave reservoirs, fluid property identification and evaluation of subsurface fracture-cave reservoirs. In order to solve these problems, based on the core-calibrated image logging, the key image features corresponding to different rocks are identified, and the logging lithofacies identification method under the core constraint is formed. Based on in-depth analysis of typical logging response characteristics of effective fracture-cavity reservoirs, a method for identifying and quantitatively characterizing fractures and solution holes is established. For the high-resistivity background formation, the accurate identification of reservoir fluid properties under oil-based mud conditions is realized by re-processing the array induction logging data. The acoustic reflection imaging technology was used to identify the hidden fracture-cave reservoirs within 3-50 m of the borehole, expanding the radial detection scope Consequently, a technical framework for logging evaluation of deep/ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs⁃centered on imaging logging technologies has been developed, which reflects the innovation and development of logging evaluation technology.
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图 1 中国不同盆地典型碳酸盐岩储层岩心薄片
a.藻凝块白云岩，藻间溶孔，震旦系灯影组，磨溪105井，铸体薄片；b.颗粒白云岩，粒间溶孔，寒武系龙王庙组，磨溪17井，铸体薄片；c.生屑白云岩，生物体腔孔，上二叠统长兴组，高石001-X21井，铸体薄片；d.鲕粒白云岩，粒内溶孔，下三叠统飞仙关组，龙16井，铸体薄片；e.藻礁白云岩，藻格架孔，下寒武统，方1井，铸体薄片；f.颗粒白云岩，粒间孔和鲕模孔，中寒武统，牙哈7X-1井，铸体薄片
Fig. 1. Typical carbonate reservoir core slices in different basins of China
图 2 X2井储层段FMI和NGI图像特征
Fig. 2. FMI and NGI image characteristics of Well X2 reservoir section
图 3 X3井阵列感应、双侧向和阵列侧向电阻率对比
Fig. 3. Array induction, dual lateral and array lateral resistivity comparison of Well X3
图 5 四川盆地灯影组四段典型岩相成像图版
Fig. 5. Typical lithographic plate of the four members of Dengying Formation, Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地X5井成像测井岩相识别结果
Fig. 6. Lithofacies identification results of imaging logging in Well X5, Sichuan Basin
图 7 基于成像测井的溶蚀孔洞定量表征
Fig. 7. Quantitative characterization of dissolution holes based on imaging logging
图 8 基于补偿处理后的储层孔隙度计算结果
Fig. 8. The calculation results of reservoir porosity after compensation treatment
图 9 X6井阵列感应测井资料处理结果
Fig. 9. Data processing results of Well X6 array induction logging
图 10 偶极横波远探测声波测井反射波分布提取方法（据李宁等，2024）
Fig. 10. Extraction method of reflection wave distribution in remote acoustic logging (according to Li et al., 2024)
图 11 塔里木盆地X7井远探测声波处理结果（据李宁等，2024）
Fig. 11. Acoustic processing results of remote detection in Well X7, Tarim Basin (according to Li et al., 2024)
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