Volcanic Activity and Extraordinarily High Organic Matter Deposition across Ordovician-Silurian Transition: A Case Study from South China
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摘要: 大规模火山活动被认为是全球环境气候变化及生物多样性波动的重要驱动机制之一.它不仅能够促进海洋水体表层生产力提高，也可增强其底部水体硫化缺氧程度，从而有利于有机质沉积富集.奥陶纪-志留纪转折期全球火山活动频繁，伴随着广泛的黑色页岩沉积，并集中发育着异常高有机质层段（TOC≥3.0%）.基于来自中国华南地区五峰组-龙马溪组20余个典型钻井和露头剖面的800余件样品的数据（包括TOC、主微量元素与汞含量及汞同位素等），总结了奥陶纪-志留纪转折期显性火山灰的赋存状态和识别特征，归纳了主微量元素与汞含量及汞同位素对隐性火山灰的示踪作用，系统探讨了该时期火山活动对海洋环境演化和异常高有机质沉积的潜在影响.结果表明：（1）显性与隐性火山灰的分布特征为重建该时期火山活动的历史轨迹提供了重要依据；（2）火山活动通过向海洋中输入大量磷，促进海洋表层初级生产力提高，并驱动了海洋底部缺氧水体扩张；（3）缺氧水体加剧了磷的重循环作用，进一步提高了初级生产力；（4）火山活动增强的风化作用加大了陆地硫酸盐输入，能够进一步促进海洋底部水体硫化缺氧程度.奥陶纪末期华南地区持续的火山活动及其相关效应，促进了奥陶纪-志留纪转折期海洋表层初级生产力提高和底部水体硫化缺氧扩张，最终促使该区五峰组-龙马溪组的异常高有机质规模沉积.Abstract: Large-scale volcanic activity is recognized as one of the critical drivers of global climate and environmental changes, as well as biodiversity fluctuations. It can enhance marine surface primary productivity and promote the development of euxinic bottom water conditions, thus facilitating organic-rich sedimentation. Across the Ordovician-Silurian transition, intense global volcanic activities coincided with the widespread deposition of black shales and the development of organic-rich intervals characterized by extraordinarily high total organic matter (TOC≥3.0%). Based on more than 800 samples, including TOC, major and trace elements, mercury (Hg) concentrations and Hg isotopes, collected from over 20 typical wells and sections of the Wufeng-Lungmachi formations in South China, this study discusses the occurrence and identification features of visible volcanic ash layers and highlights the application of major and trace elements, Hg concentrations and isotopes to identify cryptotephra. Furthermore, the impact of volcanic activity on marine environmental changes and the formation of extraordinarily high organic matter deposits were investigated. The results suggest follows. (1) The distribution of visible volcanic ash and cryptotephra provides a robust basis for reconstructing volcanic history of this period. (2) Elevated phosphorus inputs from volcanic activity enhanced marine surface primary productivity and expanded the extent of anoxic bottom water. (3) The anoxic conditions promoted phosphorus recycling, thereby sustaining high primary productivity. (4) Enhanced volcanic weathering increased sulfate input, which could further promote euxinic conditions. Sustained volcanic activities and their associated climate and environmental effects contributed to the high primary productivity and euxinic conditions, ultimately leading to the extraordinarily high organic matter accumulation in the Wufeng-Lungmachi shale.
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图 1 奥陶纪-志留纪转折期地质事件与中国华南地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气甜点段分布特征
据邱振和邹才能(2020); Zou et al.(2022)修改
Fig. 1. Major geological events during the Ordovician and Silurian transition and characteristics of shale gas sweet-spot intervals of Wufeng-Lungmachi shale in Yangtze area, South China
图 2 地质背景.(a)晚奥陶世(~450 Ma)全球古地理图(据Longman et al., 2021修改)；(b)华南地区古地理图显示万和、双河、漆辽和田坝剖面位置；(c)晚奥陶世扬子陆棚海剖面示意性图(据Zou et al., 2018修改)
Fig. 2. Geological setting. (a) Late Ordovician (~450 Ma) paleogeography (modified from Longman et al., 2021); (b) simplified paleogeographic map of the Yangtze Shelf Sea during the Late Ordovician, showing the locations of the Wanhe (WH), Shuanghe (SH), Qiliao (QL) and Tianba (TB) sections; (c) schematic cross-section of the Late Ordovician Yangtze Shelf Sea (modified from Zou et al., 2018)
图 3 奥陶纪-志留纪转折期全球火山灰野外照片
a.美国典型火山灰层Millbrig（M）和Deicke（D）（Huff，2008）；b.Deicke火山灰层（Huff，2008）；c，d.英国Dob’ Linn剖面火山灰层；e，f.华南地区双河剖面火山灰层（Tao et al.，2020；Kong et al.，2025）；g.华南地区万和剖面火山灰层（Kong et al.，2025）；h.华南地区漆辽剖面火山灰层（Tao et al.，2020）
Fig. 3. Field photos of volcanic ash during the Ordovician-Silurian transition globally
图 4 奥陶纪-志留纪转折期元素示踪火山活动图解
底图和部分数据来自Yang et al.(2022)
Fig. 4. Diagrams of volcanic activity traced by major and trace elements during the Ordovician-Silurian transition
图 5 奥陶纪-志留纪转折期全球Hg含量(a)和Hg/TOC比值(b)随时间变化图解以及全球火山活动强度、气候变化和水体氧化还原条件示意(c)(据Qiu et al., 2025修改)
Fig. 5. Temporal changes in Hg concentrations (a) and Hg/TOC ratios (b) on a global scale and the intensity of volcanic activity, climate change, and redox conditions(c) (modified from Qiu et al., 2025)
图 6 漆辽剖面精细地球化学剖面
Fig. 6. High-resolution geochemical sections of the Qiliao Section
图 7 田坝剖面精细地球化学剖面
Fig. 7. High-resolution geochemical sections of the Tianba Section
图 8 万和、双河、漆辽和田坝剖面汞同位素对比
据Kong et al.（2025）修改；笔石带：D. cn.：Dicellograptus complanatus；D. cx.：Dicellograptus complexus；P. pacificus：Paraorthograptus pacificus；M. e.：Metabolograptus extraordinarius；M. p.：Metabolograptus persculptus；A. a.：Akidograptus ascensus；P. a.：Parakidograptus acuminatus；C. v.：Cystograptus vesiculosus；C. c.：Coronograptus cyphus；D. triangulatus：Demirastrites triangulates
Fig. 8. Comparison of mercury isotopes from the WH, SH, QL and TB sections
图 9 万和、双河、漆辽和田坝剖面4个阶段Δ199Hg值箱式图
Fig. 9. Box plots of Δ199Hg values across four stages from WH, SH, QL and TB sections
图 10 华南奥陶纪-志留纪转折期斑脱岩、早古生代岩浆岩与现代岛弧沉凝灰岩磷含量对比
部分斑脱岩数据来自（Yang et al.，2022）；岩浆岩数据来自（Wang et al.，2011；Zhang et al.，2011；Zhang et al.，2012；Huang et al.，2013；Zhong et al.，2014；Zhong et al.，2016；Jia et al.，2017；Zhang et al.，2017；Liu et al.，2020；Li et al.，2021；Yuan et al.，2024）；五峰组-龙马溪组页岩数据来自（Zou et al.，2018；Qiu et al.，2022b）；平均上地壳数据来自（McLennan，2001），澳大利亚后太古宙页岩（PAAS）数据来自（Taylor and McLennan，1985）
Fig. 10. Comparison of phosphorus content in Ordovician-Silurian transition bentonites, Early Paleozoic magmatic rocks from South China, and modern arc sedimentary ash rocks
图 11 长宁双河剖面综合地球化学纪录(数据来自Zou et al., 2018; Qiu et al., 2022b)
Fig. 11. Integrated geochemical records of the Shuanghe Section, Changning (data from Zou et al., 2018; Qiu et al., 2022b)
图 12 双河剖面和巫溪钻井岩心样品五峰组-龙马溪组页岩总有机碳含量(TOC)及有机碳(Corg)与有机磷(Porg)、活性磷(Preac)摩尔值交汇图(数据来自Qiu et al., 2022b)
Fig. 12. TOC, molar Corg/Porg and Corg/Preac ratios of the Wufeng-Lungmachi shales from the Shuanghe outcrop section and the Wuxi drill core (data from Qiu et al., 2022b)
图 13 火山活动与奥陶纪-志留纪转折期异常高有机质页岩沉积模式
Fig. 13. Model of extraordinarily high organic matter deposition in the Ordovician-Silurian transition related to volcanic activity
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