Identification of Potential Unstable Blocks on High and Steep Rock Slope and Quantitative Analysis of Hazard Effects
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摘要:
为解决山区重大工程建设中面临的高陡岩质斜坡潜在不稳定块体空间定位难、灾害效应量化分析不足的瓶颈问题.提出了一种融合无人机摄影测量、结构面解译算法、三维运动学分析及落石运动模拟的高位潜在不稳定块体识别定位、失稳模式判识及其灾害效应分析的综合分析框架.以大渡河双江口水电站坝址左岸一高位岩体露头为例，该框架有效识别出92处潜在不稳定块体，确定其潜在失稳模式以楔形体破坏为主.落石三维运动轨迹模拟结果表明不稳定块体失稳后整体呈现加速-减速的循环趋势，最远运动距离为845.6 m，对水电站枢纽区影响较小.强调了不稳定块体空间精准定位对落石灾害风险预测精度提升的重要性，这对落石灾害防控具有重要指导意义.
Abstract:To address the bottlenecks encountered in major engineering works in mountainous regions namely, the difficulty of spatially locating potentially unstable blocks on high and steep rock slope and the insufficiency of quantitative analyses of associated hazard effects, this study proposes an integrated analytical framework combining unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, discontinuity interpretation algorithms, three dimensional (3D) kinematic analysis, and rockfall numerical simulation to identify and locate high-elevation potentially unstable blocks, determine their failure modes, and analyze associated hazard effects. Taking the high-elevation rock outcrop on the left bank of the Shuangjiangkou hydropower station dam site on the Dadu River as an example, the framework effectively identified 92 potentially unstable blocks and determined that wedge failure is the primary instability mode. The simulated 3D rockfall trajectories show that, after destabilization, the blocks exhibit cyclic acceleration-deceleration trends, with a maximum runout distance of 845.6 m, posing minimal impact on the hydropower hub area. In addition, this study emphasizes the importance of precise spatial localization of unstable blocks for improving rockfall hazard risk prediction accuracy, which has important implications for rockfall disaster prevention and control.
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图 2 无人机飞行策略
a.区域仿地正射测量；b.重点露头多角度贴近摄影测量
Fig. 2. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight strategy
图 3 人工平面分割法示意图
a.面状结构面提取；b.线状结构面提取
Fig. 3. Schematic of manual planar segmentation method
图 4 结构面平面拟合
a.特征点位置；b.提取特征点计算质心；c.拟合平面及Baecher圆盘
Fig. 4. Plane fitting of discontinuity
图 5 研究区概况
a.边坡模型；b.边坡岩性图；c.重点露头岩性及典型结构面；d.重点露头光学模型；e重点露头点云模型
Fig. 5. Overview of the study area
图 10 落石轨迹数值模拟结果
a.速度；b.动能；c.跳跃高度
Fig. 10. Numerical simulation results of rockfall trajectories
图 11 释放点5和11的块体运动轨迹剖面及块体动力学参数变化曲线
Fig. 11. Profiles of block trajectories and dynamic parameter variation for release points 5 and 11
表 1 RAMMS: Rockfall中地形类别及摩擦参数预设值
Table 1. Specification of terrain types and preset friction parameters in RAMMS: Rockfall
地类 范例 $ {\mu }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $ $ {\mu }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $ $ {\beta }_{s} $ k Cv 极软 沼泽、草地 0.20 2.00 50 1.00 0.9 软 湿草甸 0.25 2.00 100 1.25 0.8 中软 草甸（厚腐殖层） 0.30 2.00 125 1.50 0.7 中 草甸（中厚腐殖层） 0.35 2.00 150 2.00 0.6 中硬 山地草甸、未铺面山路、卵砾石 0.40 2.00 175 2.50 0.5 硬 岩屑堆、卵砾石、铺面公路 0.55 2.00 185 3.00 0.4 极硬 基岩、陡崖 0.80 2.00 200 4.00 0.3 雪地 雪地 0.10 0.35 150 2.00 0.7 
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