Geochronology and Geochemistry of Basalts in Heyuan Basin: New Evidence for Continental Rifting in South China
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摘要: 为揭示华南沿海中-新生代裂谷盆地中的火山岩形成时代及机制，对河源盆地玄武岩开展全岩40Ar/39Ar测年及地球化学分析.首次精确限定河源盆地玄武岩喷发于白垩纪-古近纪（K-Pg）界线附近（68.65~64.52 Ma），具有钠质亚碱性拉斑玄武岩特征.结果显示，河源盆地玄武岩具有低Mg、K、Ti，高Na、Al，轻稀土轻微富集（（La/Yb）N=4.48~6.68）的特征，无明显Eu、Ce、Nb、Ta异常，但具有正Ba、Th、U异常及负P异常，关键元素比值高于原始地幔（Th/Yb=1.72~1.15，Th/Nb=0.20~0.21，Hf/Th=1.13~1.35），Sr-Nd同位素比值为ISr=0.704 97~0.706 76，εNd（t）=0.11~1.55，指示其岩浆来源于亏损地幔受到了一定程度的壳源物质富集或者混染，形成于大陆裂谷环境.结合前人对华南裂谷盆地火山岩的年代学和地球化学研究结果，认为南海北部陆缘存在一条NE-SW向大陆裂谷，其形成可能与古太平洋板块后撤作用密切相关.Abstract: The formation and geodynamic setting of Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the basins along the South China coast remain controversial, traditionally attributed to either Paleo-Pacific subduction or South China Sea spreading.Focusing on NE-trending fissure-erupted basalts from the Heyuan Basin, this study uses ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating to constrain their eruption ages to 68.65-64.52 Ma. These ages coincide with the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary.Geochemically, the basalts exhibit sodic subalkaline tholeiitic characteristics (SiO2=47.43%-52.67%), with low Mg, K, and Ti but high Na and Al contents. Their rare earth element (REE) patterns indicate slight light REE(LREE) enrichment ((La/Yb)N=4.48-6.68), lacking significant Eu, Ce, Nb, or Ta anomalies, but displaying positive Ba, Th, and U anomalies and a negative P anomaly. Key elemental ratios (Th/Yb=1.72-1.15, Th/Nb=0.20-0.21, Hf/Th=1.13-1.35) suggest derivation from a depleted lithospheric mantle source with crustal contamination, formed in a continental rift setting.The Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (ISr=0.704 97-0.706 76, εNd(t)=0.11-1.55) indicate that the Heyuan basalts originated from a mixture of depleted mantle and enriched lithospheric mantle components. Regional comparisons with coeval basalts from the Nanxiong, Lianping, and Sanshui basins reveal an NE-SW trending continental rift system along the northern South China margin. This rifting episode likely responded to back-arc extension triggered by Paleo-Pacific plate rollback.
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Key words:
- South China /
- Heyuan Basin /
- basalt /
- 40Ar/39Ar geochronology /
- continental rifting /
- Paleo⁃Pacific rollback /
- dinosaur extinction /
- K⁃Pg boundary /
- geochemistry
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图 1 区域地质简图
a.华南边缘中新生代火山盆地分布（据肖龙等，2006修编）；b.河源盆地地质简图（据广东1∶20万河源幅地质图，广东省地质局综合研究大队，1969）
Fig. 1. Simplified geological maps of Heyuan basalt area
图 2 河源盆地玄武岩露头、手标本（a~c）及显微照片(d~f)
a.暗绿色玄武岩；b. 隐晶质杏仁状玄武岩露头照片；c.紫红色杏仁状玄武岩；d. 玄武岩显微照片（正交偏光）；e.杏仁状玄武岩显微照片（正交偏光），显微间粒结构；f.杏仁状玄武岩显微照片（正交偏光），间粒结构，角图为橄榄石. Cpx.辉石；Cc.方解石；Chl.绿泥石；Ol.橄榄石；Pl.斜长石；Q.石英
Fig. 2. Photographs showing petrography of the Heyuan basalt rocks
图 4 河源及周边盆地玄武岩K2O-SiO2图解
a. 底图据Rickwood，1989；b. 底图据Middlemost，1975.数据来源见附表1
Fig. 4. K2O-SiO2 and K2O-Na2O plots of the basalts from the Heyuan and nearby basins
图 5 河源及周边盆地玄武岩稀土元素配分图解及微量元素原始地幔标准化图解
据Sun et al., 1989；数据来源见附表2
Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns and primary mantle-normalized trace element patterns of the Heyuan and nearby basalt volcanic rocks
图 6 玄武岩全岩40Ar/39Ar坪年龄(a、c)与“正等时线”(b、d)
Fig. 6. 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages (a, c) and normal isochrones (b, d) of whole-rock basalt
图 7 河源盆地玄武岩构造环境判别图解
IAT. 岛弧拉斑玄武岩；CAB. 钙碱性玄武岩；WPT. 板内拉斑玄武岩；WPAB. 碱性板内玄武岩；IAT. 拉斑质玄武岩；ICA. 钙碱质玄武岩；SHO. 橄榄玄粗岩；IAB. 岛弧玄武岩；WPB. 板内玄武岩；Ⅰ. 板块发散边缘N-MORB区；Ⅱ. 板块汇聚边缘（Ⅱ1. 大洋岛弧玄武岩区；Ⅱ2. 陆缘岛弧及陆缘火山弧玄武岩区）；Ⅲ. 大洋板内洋岛、海山玄武岩区及T-MORB、E-MORB区；Ⅳ. 大陆板内（Ⅳ1. 陆内裂谷及陆缘裂谷拉斑玄武岩区；Ⅳ2. 陆内裂谷碱性玄武岩区；Ⅳ3. 大陆拉张带玄武岩区）；Ⅴ. 地幔柱玄武岩区.数据来源见附表2
Fig. 7. Tectonic setting diagrams of Heyuan basalts
图 8 河源玄武岩εNd(t) vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i图解
数据来源见附表4. MORB、EMI、EMII、DMM数据据Zindler and Hart（1986）；弧后盆地玄武岩数据来源于岩石学数据库（
http://www.Eartbchem.org/petdb ）. BABB. 弧后玄武岩Fig. 8. εNd(t) vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i diagram of Heyuan basalt
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