Tectonic Deformation and New Viewpoint on Age of the Biluoco Oil Shale Stratum in Qiangtang Basin
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摘要: 受多期逆冲、伸展构造运动及泥页岩、膏岩等塑性变形影响，羌塘盆地毕洛错含油页岩地层（简称毕洛错地层）变形极为复杂，加之古生物化石时代和同位素年代学结果存在争议，严重制约了对地层岩性组合与时代归属的认识.针对毕洛错地层复杂的构造变形，开展了详细的构造观测与剖面测量，并根据逆冲-褶皱变形特征开展地层追索与对比，将毕洛错地层自下而上分出3段7类岩性组合.对下段砂岩与中段玄武岩分别开展锆石U-Pb同位素测试、锆石结构与成因分析，获得下段与中段最大沉积年龄分别为166 Ma和154 Ma.综合区域背景，认为毕洛错地层时代至少为中侏罗世巴通期至晚侏罗世提塘期，顶部可能为早白垩世贝里阿斯期.毕洛错含油页岩地层时代的确定，为羌塘盆地油气勘探、区域沉积构造演化和大洋缺氧等问题的研究提供了新依据.Abstract: Influenced by multi-phase thrusting,extensional tectonic movements,and the plastic deformation of mudstone,shale,and gypsum,the deformation of the Biluoco oil shale stratum (BLS) in the Qiangtang basin is extremely complex. Additionally,controversies surrounding paleontological fossil evidence and isotopic geochronology have severely constrained the understanding of the lithological assemblages and their temporal attribution. In response to the intricate structural deformation of BLS,this study conducted detailed structural observations and profile measurements. Based on the thrust-fold system,the stratum was traced and correlated,dividing into three segments with seven types of lithological assemblages from bottom to top. Zircon U-Pb isotopic testing,along with zircon structure and genetic analysis,was performed on the sandstone of the lower segment and the basalt of the middle segment,yielding maximum depositional ages of 166 Ma and 154 Ma,respectively. Integrating regional context,it is concluded that the age of BLS ranges at least from the Middle Jurassic Bathonian to the Late Jurassic Tithonian,with the top possibly extending to the Early Cretaceous Berriasian. The determination of the age for BLS provides new insights for hydrocarbon exploration in the Qiangtang basin,as well as for studies on sedimentary tectonic evolution and oceanic anoxic events.
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图 1 羌塘盆地构造位置(a)、油页岩与主断裂分布(b)和早侏罗-新近纪地层单元划分(c)
图 1b中断层与岩浆岩为实际观测；图 1c中（1）和（4）据王剑等（2020）修改，（2）据王永胜等（2012）修改，（3）据Ma et al.（2017）修改
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map (a), distribution of oil shale and faults (b) and the Early Jurassic to Neogene stratigraphic framework (c) of Qiangtang basin
图 2 毕洛错地区地质图(a)和构造地质剖面图(b, c)
Fig. 2. Geological map (a) and structural profiles (b, c) of the Biluoco area
图 3 毕洛错地区构造变形特征
a.索日卡-董布拉宏观构造变形特征(镜向东); b.索日卡-毕洛错逆冲断层宏观构造变形特征(镜向北东); c.巴欧那一带逆冲断层和褶皱变形特征(镜向东); d.毕洛错地区东西向宏观构造变形特征(镜向北西); e.PM12厚层油页岩宏观特征；f. PM03厚层油页岩宏观特征; g.观测点G07处厚层油页岩特征; h.PM14厚层油页岩宏观特征; i.观测点G01处厚层油页岩特征; j.观测点G08泥岩夹泥灰岩特征: k.观测点G09石膏夹灰岩: (l) 观测点G10砂岩夹泥灰岩; m.董布拉逆冲断层; n.毕洛错逆冲断层及拖曳褶皱; o.PM14处毕洛错断层主断面; p.索日卡逆冲断层上盘灰岩发育断坪-断坪; q.巴欧纳2期砾岩及逆冲断层现象; r.巴欧纳山顶E内部小型双重叠瓦状逆冲断层; s.毕洛错逆冲断层破碎带，砾岩呈叠瓦状产出; t.巴欧纳背斜核部转折端; u.巴欧纳向斜核部; v.巴欧纳山顶灰岩、碎屑岩组成背斜; w.巴欧纳向斜核部灰岩内部发育双重叠瓦状逆冲断层; x.巴欧纳向斜核部灰岩发育多组走滑构造；y.灰岩夹层中的菊石化石点及毕洛错向斜
Fig. 3. The structural deformation characteristics of the Biluoco area
图 4 毕洛错地层岩性组合与剖面特征
i，j，l，m.据沈安江等（2023）修改；k为本文赴实物中心重新编录；o，n为本文实测并结合Xia et al.（2021）修编；其余为本文实测；井深单位：m
Fig. 4. Comparison of lithologic assemblages and profiles of the BLS
图 5 砂岩和玄武岩锆石成因划分及形态
Fig. 5. REE chondrite-normalized distribution pattern for sandstone and basalts of the BLS
表 1 毕洛错地层砂岩最年轻年龄
Table 1. The comparison of the youngest detrital zircon ages calculated by different methods of sandstone from the BLS
样号 有效测点数 YDZ YSG YPP YC1σ(2+)/颗粒数 YC2σ(3+)/颗粒数 22957 78 147.5+6.3/-12 146.92±5 168 168.0±2.3(n=6) 155.3±8.2(n=4) 15BL06 76 170.4+5.1/-7.8 172±3 174 174.6±3.4(n=4) 174.6±3.4(n =4) 15BL12 60 169.2+6.2/-14 171±3 170.8 171.7±5.1(n =3) 171.7±5.1(n =3) 注：YDZ.Isoplot计算的最年轻年龄; YSG.最年轻的单颗粒锆石; YPP.最年轻频谱图峰值年龄(Isoplot成图); YC1σ(2+)/两颗以上最年轻锆石在1σ误差下的加权平均年龄; YC2σ(3+)/3颗以上最年轻锆石在2σ误差下的加权平均年龄(Dickinson and Gehrels, 2009)，均使用Isoplot 4.15计算.15BL06和15BL12引自 Ma et al.(2017) ；单位：Ma.
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