Developmental and Distribution Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Large-Scale Landslide Disaster Chains in Bailong River Basin
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摘要:
白龙江流域夹持于东昆仑断裂和西秦岭断裂两条巨大的左旋走滑断裂之间，特殊的地质环境条件使得该区一直是我国地质灾害链最发育、成灾最严重的地区之一，防灾减灾形势极为严峻.通过资料收集、遥感解译及野外调查，构建了132处特大滑坡灾害链数据库，系统探究其发育分布特征与形成机制.研究表明：（1）滑坡体均为大型及以上，规模效应显著，1 000×104~5 000×104 m3范围内滑坡数量占比40.2%、总体积占比44.8%；以高位堆积层滑坡为主，24.2%具有“三段式”阻滑地形特征，发育于泥盆系、志留系软硬组合易滑结构地层滑坡总面积占比65%；（2）变形以多期次逐级后退式牵引且局部伴有拉裂-推移、渐进推移式断裂带滑坡及复合型大型堆积体滑坡为主；超60%具备远程运动机制，表现为长历时蠕滑主导的强碎屑流特征；（3）空间上表现为沿大型活动断裂带呈带状集中、沿河流水系呈线状分布的特点，54.6%发育于断裂带2 km范围内，集中在断裂错断、转折、末端及交汇部位；滑动方向多平行断裂走向，NWW-NW向、NE向断裂与水系共同控制区域分布；（4）其形成发展主要受活动断裂、含千枚岩等易滑岩层、差异性中高山峡谷地貌控制；区域性5~15 d中长历时强降雨为主要诱发因素且具滞后性，震后1.5~5 a灾害频次与规模显著加剧.研究成果对丰富和认识青藏高原东北缘重特大滑坡灾害链形成机理，提升防灾减灾能力具有重要指导意义.
Abstract:The Bailong River Basin is situated between two major left-lateral strike-slip faults: the East Kunlun Fault and the West Qinling Fault. Its unique geological setting makes it one of China's regions most prone to and severely affected by geological disaster chains, presenting an extremely critical situation for disaster prevention and mitigation. Based on data collection, remote sensing interpretation, and field surveys, this study established a database of 132 large-scale landslide disaster chains and systematically investigated their developmental characteristics, distribution patterns, and formation mechanisms. The research findings indicate: (1) All landslide bodies are large-scale or larger, exhibiting significant scale effects. Landslides within the 1 000×104 -5 000×104 m3 range account for 40.2% in number and 44.8% in total volume. High-position accumulation landslides predominate, with 24.2% displaying a "three-segment" anti-sliding topography. Landslides developed in the Devonian and Silurian soft-hard interbedded strata prone to sliding constitute 65% of the total landslide area; (2) Deformation is primarily characterized by multistage retrogressive deformation (often with local tension cracking-push deformation), progressive thrust-type landslides along fracture zones, and composite large-scale accumulation landslides. Over 60% possess long-runout mechanisms, exhibiting features of high-intensity granular flows dominated by long-duration creep; (3) Spatially, the landslides exhibit a banded concentration along major active faults and linear distribution along river systems. 54.6% occur within 2 km of fracture zones, concentrated at fault offsets, bends, terminations, and intersections. Sliding directions are mostly parallel to fault strikes, with regional distribution controlled by NWW-NW trending and NE trending faults, coupled with the river network.(4) Their formation and development are primarily controlled by active faults, landslide-prone strata (including phyllite), and the differential mid-high mountain gorge topography. Regional long-duration (5-15 days) heavy rainfall is the main triggering factor, exhibiting a lag effect. The frequency and scale of disasters increased significantly 1.5 to 5 years after earthquakes. The research results provide important guidance for enhancing the understanding of the formation mechanisms of catastrophic landslide disaster chains in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and improving disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities.
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图 1 研究区地质构造图
F0.东昆仑断裂；F1.西秦岭北缘断裂；F2.临潭-宕昌断裂；F3.光盖山-迭山断裂；F4.迭部-白龙江断裂；F5.塔藏断裂；F6.礼县-罗家堡断裂；F7.风-太断裂；F8.两当-江洛断裂；F9.成县盆地南支断裂；F10.武都-略阳断裂；F11.哈南-青山湾-稻畦子断裂；F12.文县-康县断裂；F13.青川断裂；F14.虎牙断裂；F15.岷江断裂；F16.茂汶断裂；F17.映秀断裂
Fig. 1. Geological structure map of the study area
图 3 典型哑铃状滑坡平面图(武都区泻流坡滑坡)
Fig. 3. Planar graph of a typical dumbbell-shaped landslide (Xieliupo Landslide in Wudu)
图 4 典型扇形状滑坡平面图(武都区红土坡滑坡)
Fig. 4. Planar graph of typical fan-shaped landslide (Hongtupo Landslide in Wudu)
图 6 舟曲县立节北山滑坡变形分区特征
Fig. 6. Deformation zonation characteristics of the Lijiebeishan Landslide, Zhouqu County
图 7 研究区特大滑坡灾害链滑体体积与视摩擦角关系
Fig. 7. Relationship between landslide volume and apparent friction angle for large-scale geohazard chains in the study area
图 8 研究区特大滑坡灾害链运动特征
Fig. 8. Kinematic characteristics of large-scale geohazard chains in the study area
图 9 研究区特大滑坡灾害链密度分布
Fig. 9. Density distribution of large-scale geohazard chains in the study area
图 10 光盖山-迭山断裂带特大地质灾害链与断裂的空间关系情况
Fig. 10. Spatial relationship between large-scale geohazard chains and the Guanggaishan-Dieshan fault zone
图 11 研究区典型断裂与滑坡灾害三维示意图
Fig. 11. Schematic 3D diagram of typical fault distribution and landslide hazards in the study area
图 12 江顶崖滑坡剖面图(据郭长宝等，2019)
Fig. 12. Geological profile of the Jiangdingya Landslide (modified from Guo et al., 2019)
图 13 研究区易发生特大地质灾害链的成灾地貌类型
Fig. 13. Disaster-pregnant landform types prone to large-scale geological disaster chains in the study area
表 1 研究区典型特大地质灾害链类型及其典型特征
Table 1. Types and characteristics of typical large-scale geohazard chains in the study area
灾害链类型 典型特征 典型案例 滑坡/崩塌-碎屑流灾害链 滑坡剪出口较高，启动后迅速解体并做远程运动，常发生较陡斜坡的中上部，流域上游 武都泻流坡滑坡、立节北山滑坡等 滑坡-堰塞湖-洪水灾害链 发生于白龙江及其支流的干流河谷两岸，一般为断裂控制型滑坡，滑坡体积通常较大，滑坡发生后堵塞主河形成堰塞湖，造成上游淹没成灾，堰塞湖溃决后洪水导致下游沿途成灾，影响范围可达数千米至数十千米 咀疙瘩滑坡、泄流坡滑坡、牙豁口滑坡等 滑坡-堰塞湖-溃决洪水-古滑坡复活灾害链 滑坡发生后挤压主河，导致河水集中冲刷对岸，诱发对岸岸坡崩滑体发生成灾，或灾害集中分布呈串珠状分布，溃决洪水洪峰流量大，诱发下游古滑坡复活，级联发生风险高，危害极大 江顶崖滑坡等 
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表 2 不同断裂影响区内特大滑坡灾害链隐患分布统计
Table 2. Statistics of potential large-scale geohazard chains in different fault-affected zones
断裂带代码 A B C D 滑坡体数目(个) 41 19 17 45 滑坡体数目百分比(%) 31.06 14.39 12.88 34.09 滑坡体集中区面积(km2) 2 098.60 1 278.32 696.68 2 182.37 滑坡体面积(km2) 35.70 10.78 9.97 35.74 滑坡体面积百分比(%) 1.70 0.84 1.43 1.64 滑坡体体积(104 m3) 92 808.61 21 401.17 30 052.60 68 722.96 单位面积滑坡体积(104 m3/km2) 44.22 16.74 43.14 31.49
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