Effect of Pre-Existing Faults on Spatio-Temporal Evolution of In-Situ Stress and Microseismic Distribution
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摘要:
金属矿山微震的发生与地应力场及微裂隙的时空演化密切相关.广东韶关凡口铅锌矿记录的微震存在一个显著特点，即微震多发生于矿区先存断层的周缘，而非集中于断层带上.这可能是由于先存断层影响周缘应力累积，进而诱发微裂隙并导致微震发生.为了检验这一想法，应用米级尺度的高分辨率热-力学耦合三维地球动力学数值模拟，考虑地下的温度结构，系统探讨正向演化过程中先存断层对周缘应力场分布的控制作用，进而探讨微震发生的可能性.模拟结果显示，先存断层会扰动应力场分布，在其周缘形成高应力带，进而可能会诱发微裂隙并导致微震发生.先存断层的宽度、数量、几何形态、倾角等都会影响其周缘应力场的分布，但是不会改变在先存断层周缘形成高应力带的特点.基于模拟结果，认为先存断层扰动应力场在其周缘形成高应力带是广东韶关凡口铅锌矿微震触发的一个可能原因，合理解释了凡口矿区微震多发生于断层面之外的特征，建议在断层F3与地层交汇处加强微震监测，为矿山微震灾害预测提供参考.
Abstract:The occurrence of microseisms in metal mines is closely related to the spatio-temporal evolution of in-situ stress fields and microfractures. The microseisms recorded at the Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, exhibit a notable characteristic: they mostly occur around the pre-existing faults in the mining area rather than concentrating on the fault zones themselves. This phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that pre-existing faults affect stress accumulation in their surrounding areas, which in turn induces microfractures and triggers microseisms. To verify this hypothesis, this study innovatively applies a meter-scale, high-resolution 3D geodynamic numerical simulation of thermo-mechanical coupling. By considering the underground temperature structure, the study systematically investigates the controlling effect of pre-existing faults on the distribution of the surrounding stress field during the forward evolution process, and further explores the possibility of microseism occurrence. The simulation results show that pre-existing faults disturb the distribution of stress fields, forming high-stress zones in their surrounding areas, which may subsequently induce microfractures and lead to microseisms. Factors such as the width, number, geometric shape, and dip angle of pre-existing faults all influence the distribution of the stress field around them, but they do not alter the characteristics of high-stress zone formation in the vicinity of pre-existing faults. Based on the simulation results, this study concludes that the disturbance of stress fields by pre-existing faults (which leads to the formation of high-stress zones around them) is a potential cause for the triggering of microseisms at the Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province. This conclusion reasonably explains the characteristic that microseismsic in the Fankou mining area mostly occur outside the fault planes. It is suggested that microseismic monitoring should be strengthened at the intersection of Fault F3 and the stratum, so as to provide a reference for the prediction of microseismic hazards in mines.
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Key words:
- stress field /
- spatio-temporal evolution /
- metal mine /
- microseismic engineering geology /
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图 1 凡口矿区微震事件总览图
a. 凡口矿区外围地质简图及2017年1月至2023年6月14 899个微震事件空间位置分布；b. 凡口矿区微震事件平面密度投影；c. 微震事件深度-累积频次及周平均深度分布；d. 微震事件震级-累积频次分布
Fig. 1. Overview of microseismic events in Fankou mining area
图 2 广东韶关凡口铅锌矿微震事件点的投影图及统计分析
a. 矿区微震事件平面投影图；b~c. 竖向地质剖面微震事件点位置投影图（微震事件点空间范围为前后各50 m）；d. 微震事件点距断层F3距离统计图（共14 899个微震事件）
Fig. 2. Projection and statistical analysis of microseismic event points in Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province
图 3 初始模型设置
a. 初始三维模型设置；b. 模型二维垂直切片（位置见图a）；c~e. 不同模型参数的系统实验，包括先存断层宽度，断层倾角和断层平面形态
Fig. 3. Initial model setup
图 4 参考模型的演化结果（模型运行至500 a）
a. 模型成分场；b. 模型粘度场切片；c. 模型应变速率场切片；d. 模型第二不变偏应力场切片
Fig. 4. Evolution results of reference model (model run to 500 a)
图 5 参考模型不同时刻下应力演化结果（Z=2.12 km处竖向切片）
a. 应变速率演化结果；b. 应力演化结果
Fig. 5. Stress evolution results of the reference model at different times (vertical slice at Z=2.12 km)
图 6 先存断层宽度的影响作用（模型均演化至500 a）
a~d. 分别为先存断层宽度20 m、40 m、80 m和100 m的模型竖向应力截面；e. 图a~d中虚线位置处的应力曲线
Fig. 6. Influence of pre-existing fault width (models evolved to 500 a)
图 7 先存断层数量的影响作用（模型经历了相同的演化时间）
图a~c分别设置1、2、3条先存断层的3组模型应力场竖向截面；d. 图a~d中白色虚线位置处的应力曲线
Fig. 7. Influence of the number of pre-existing faults (the model has undergone the same evolution time)
图 8 先存断层平面形态的影响作用（模型均演化至500 a）
a~c. 分别为弧间距300 m、800 m、1 300 m的3组模型. 上图为Y=1.76 km处的应力场水平切片、中下图为AA'及BB'位置处的应力场垂向切片、弧间距（L）
Fig. 8. Influence of plane morphology of pre-existing faults (models evolved to 500 a)
图 9 先存断层倾角的影响作用（模型演化至500 a）
a~h. 系统改变断层倾角的8组模型（应力垂向切片）；i~j. 一维随横向距离变化的应力线图，位置见a和e图的白色虚线；k~n. 一维随深度变化的应力线图，位置见黑色及红色虚线
Fig. 9. Influence of dip angle of pre-existing faults (model evolution to 500 a)
图 10 观测现象与模拟结果的对比
a~d. 高角度、近垂直断层周缘的微震分布和模拟结果；e~h. 倾斜断层周缘的微震分布和模拟结果
Fig. 10. Comparison of observed phenomena and simulation results
表 1 数值模型基本参数
Table 1. Basic parameters of numerical models
成分 分布深度
$ Y\left(\mathrm{k}\mathrm{m}\right) $密度
$ \rho (\mathrm{k}\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}) $内聚力
$ C\left(\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}\right) $内摩擦系数
$ \varphi $空气 0~1.24 1 0 0.0/0.0 沉积岩 1.24~2.24 2 600 1×106 0.1/0.1 地壳 2.24~4.24 2 750 2×107 0.2/0.1 先存断层 1.24~4.24 1 800 1×106 0.1/0.1 
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