Formation Mechanism of Rift Basins in Central African Strike-Slip Tectonic Setting: A Case Study of Bongor Basin
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摘要: 基于地震资料精细解析和构造物理模拟实验研究了中非剪切带Bongor盆地独特的结构构造特征及其形成演化的动力学机制.结果显示Bongor盆地整体表现为南断北超箕状断陷结构，局部发育构造转换带，沉积中心受控于边界主干断裂，现今保留明显的反转裂谷盆地特征，受早白垩世两期裂陷和晚白垩世末期-古近纪挤压反转共同控制.构造物理模拟实验证实了盆地受两期裂陷及其后反转作用的控制机制，并揭示两期裂陷伸展方向夹角为25°~45°.研究认为：早白垩世早期，南大西洋初始扩张引发的南非次板块与东北非次板块间近N-S向拉张，导致包括Bongor盆地在内的中非裂谷系盆地经历第一期近南北向伸展的裂陷作用；早白垩世晚期，大西洋赤道段的扩张以及特提斯洋向欧亚大陆俯冲，导致东北非地块与南非地块之间经历近NE-SW向的伸展作用，北西走向的Bongor经历第二期裂陷作用.研究提出了Bongor盆地形成演化的新认识，对指导下一步油气勘探具有重要意义.Abstract: Integrating detailed seismic interpretation and analogue tectonic modeling experiments, this study investigates the unique structural characteristics and the dynamic formation and evolution mechanisms of the Bongor basin in the Central African shear zone. Geophysical interpretation indicates that the Bongor Basin exhibits characteristics of a typical inverted rift basin. The current structural configuration was controlled by two phases rifting during Early Cretaceous and the compression in Late Cretaceous-Paleogene, with the primary rift-related structures are still clearly identifiable. Multi-stage analogue tectonic modeling further confirm that the formation of the Bongor basin was controlled by two early phases of rifting and subsequent inversion, with the extension directions of the two rifting stages separated by 25°-45°. Combining these results and context of regional tectonic history, a geological model of the two-phase rifting in the Bongor basin was put forward. In the early Early Cretaceous, the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean triggered near north-south stretching between the South African and the Northeast African subplate. This led to the first phase of rifting in the Central African rift system basins, including the Bongor basin. During the late Early Cretaceous, both the shift of the main Atlantic expansion toward the equatorial region and the subduction of the Tethys Ocean toward the Eurasian continent caused a nearly northeast-southwest extensional stress between the Northeast African block and the South African block. Unlike other basins parallel to the Central African rift system, the northwest-trending Bongor basin underwent a second phase of rifting. The study presents new insights into the formation and evolution of the Bongor basin, which is of great significance for guiding future oil and gas exploration.
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Key words:
- rift basin /
- shear zone /
- Physical analog modeling /
- tectonic evolution /
- Bongor basin /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 Bongor盆地区域位置(a)、构造纲要(b)与地层柱状(c)
a. 据高华华等(2023)修改; b.据Dou et al.(2021)修改; c. 据肖坤叶等(2014); Dou et al.(2021)修改
Fig. 1. Regional map showing the location of the Bongor basin (a), structure outline of the Bongor basin (b) and stratigraphic column of the Bongor basin (c)
图 3 Bongor盆地典型地震剖面及构造层划分(剖面位置见图 1)
Fig. 3. Typical seismic profile and tectonic layer division in Bongor basin
图 4 Bongor盆地主干断裂活动速率图
a.Bongor盆地各时期主干断裂活动性柱状图; b.Bongor盆地主干断裂活动性分布
Fig. 4. Bongor basin main fracture activity rate
图 7 前裂陷期实验平面结果
a.伸展量4.97 mm; b.伸展量8.28 mm; c.伸展量11.59 mm
Fig. 7. Top view results of the pre-rift period
图 8 裂陷期实验平面结果
a.伸展量14.90 mm; b.伸展量19.87 mm; c.伸展量24.84 mm
Fig. 8. Top view results of the rift period
图 9 断坳转换期实验平面结果
a.伸展量29.80 mm; b.伸展量34.77 mm; c.伸展量39.74 mm
Fig. 9. Top view results of the transition period
图 10 反转期实验平面结果
a.反转量4.96 mm; b.反转量9.33 mm; c.反转量14.90 mm
Fig. 10. Top view results of the inversion period
图 12 Bongor盆地典型构造样式分类
Fig. 12. Classification of typical structural patterns in the Bongor basin
图 13 南大西洋构造纲要图
据Moulin et al. (2010);Min and Hou(2019)修改
Fig. 13. Structural outline map of the South Atlantic
图 14 非洲板块各时期演化机制
a.早白垩世早期; b.早白垩世晚期
Fig. 14. The evolutionary mechanisms of the African plate during different periods
表 1 各断陷剖面参数统计表
Table 1. Statistics of parameters for each depression
剖面名称 阶段 经历时间
(Ma)伸展量参数 ΔL(m) R(%) r(%) v(mm·a-1) TD-02-824(Moul) Prosopis 7.2 516.21 34.45 1.8 0.07 Mimosa 6.83 684.28 45.67 2.4 0.10 Kubla 4.37 156.75 10.46 0.29 0.04 Ronier 8.4 49.64 3.31 0.1 0.01 Baobab 12.5 91.44 6.10 0.31 0.01 TD-02-804(Mango) Prosopis 7.2 1 719.87 36.66 3.7 0.24 Mimosa 6.83 1 406.35 29.98 2.71 0.21 Kubla 4.37 625.92 13.34 1.17 0.14 Ronier 8.4 429.44 9.15 0.8 0.05 Baobab 12.5 509.44 10.86 0.94 0.04 TD-02-732(Cola) Prosopis 7.2 1 292.79 26.38 2.7 0.18 Mimosa 6.83 1 919.59 39.17 3.9 0.28 Kubla 4.37 187.58 3.83 0.37 0.04 Ronier 8.4 562.74 11.48 1.1 0.07 Baobab 12.5 937.91 19.14 1.81 0.08 
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表 2 实验各阶段参数设置
Table 2. Parameter settings for each stage of the experiment
阶段 硅胶厚度(mm) 石英砂厚度(mm) 实验时间(s) 实验速度(mm/s) 位移方向 位移量(mm) Ⅰ 5 5 420 0.027 6 N-S 11.59 Ⅱ 5 10 900 0.027 6 N-S 24.84 Ⅲ 5 15 540 0.027 6 NE-SW 14.9 Ⅳ 5 15 540 0.027 6 N-S 14.9
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表 3 实验材料物理参数及模型相似系数
Table 3. Analogue material properties and scaling ratios of the model
模型参数 模型 Bongor盆地 相似比 脆性层密度Pb(kg/m3) 1 500 2 600 ρb*=0.57 内摩擦系数μ 0.65 0.6~0.85 μ* = 0.76–1.08 内聚力c (Pa) 80 4×107 c* = 2×10-6 脆性层厚度z(km) 1.5×10-5 20 z*=7.5×10-7 硅胶密度ρd(kg/m)3 940 2 200 ρd* =0.43 韧性层粘度η (Pa⋅s) 103 1022 η* =10-19 韧性层厚度zd(km) 0.5×10-5 10 zd*=2.5×10-7 长度L(m) 0.4 2.74×105 L* = 1.46×10-6 重力g (m/s3) 9.81 9.81 g* = 1 时间t(s) t*=9.26×10-7 正应力σ(kg/m2) σ*=1.08×10-7 应变速率ε ε*= 1.08×1012
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