Hydrocarbon Generation Kinetics of Lacustrine Source Rocks in Gold Tube Pyrolysis for Modeling of Conventional and Unconventional Petroleum Systems: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives
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摘要: 响应全国油气资源评价、成熟超级盆地精细勘探及页岩油研究领域的迫切需要，近年来黄金管热模拟已广泛应用于湖相烃源岩生烃动力学研究.为阐明湖相烃源岩金管生烃动力学参数外推至地质条件指导常规-非常规油气资源评价/勘探存在的技术风险，通过对渤海湾、松辽、塔里木和准噶尔等4个超级盆地23块湖相/倾油型煤源岩的生烃动力学参数进行地质条件外推结合湖相烃源岩金管/Rock-Eval热解平行实验，评述了金管体系生烃动力学参数标定、地质应用、校准和虚假补偿效应等问题.（1）生油动力学参数在地质应用时常出现低温阶段生油提前现象，与吸附烃残留、热解低温阶段缺少温度点、单指前因子模式标定动力学参数存在缺陷有关.（2）使用烃气质量/体积产率标定生气动力学参数时，需类比不同组分（C1、C2-5、C1-5、C6+）质量/体积产率曲线特征，以明确原油/重烃气裂解程度.（3）湖相烃源岩在生油窗生油转化率曲线陡倾，地温场差异显著影响生油量计算结果，石油资源评价需加强地温场研究；生气动力学参数应结合标定该参数时的气产率数据进行地质应用，但在过熟阶段高估了实际生气量；（4）使用含油饱和度指数（oil saturation index，OSI）-深度剖面校准生油动力学参数，可显著提升生油门限预测精度及游离烃（S1）含量评估的可靠性.（5）相同有机相源岩的不同动力学参数组合在实验室加热速率下可以预测相同反应速率（即虚假补偿效应），但在外推至地质条件/页岩油原位转化条件时会出现较大偏差，应加强与地质资料的对比和校准，尝试不固定/固定指前因子标定多组动力学参数.从油气勘探应用角度，未来应重视金管体系的初次裂解组分/原油裂解组分计量及其相关动力学参数表征方面的攻关探索.Abstract: In response to the urgent needs of national oil and gas resource evaluation, detailed exploration of mature super-basins and shale oil research, the gold-tube pyrolysis hydrocarbon generation kinetics technology has been widely applied in the study of lacustrine source rocks in recent years. To clarify the technical risks of extrapolating the gold-tube hydrocarbon generation kinetics parameters of lacustrine source rocks to geological conditions for guiding conventional and unconventional oil and gas resource evaluation and exploration, the hydrocarbon generation kinetics parameters of 23 lacustrine and oil-prone coal-measure rocks from four super-basins, namely the Bohai Bay, Songliao, Tarim and Junggar, were extrapolated to geological conditions and parallel gold-tube and Rock-Eval pyrolysis experiments were conducted on lacustrine source rocks. The issues of calibration, application, validation and false compensation effect of the gold-tube hydrocarbon generation kinetics parameters were discussed. (1) The oil generation kinetics parameters often show an early oil generation phenomenon at low temperatures in geological applications, which is related to the residual adsorbed hydrocarbons, the lack of temperature points in the low-temperature stage of pyrolysis, and the defects in the calibration of the kinetics parameters using the single pre-exponential factor model. (2) When calibrating the gas generation kinetics parameters using the mass or volume yield of hydrocarbons and gases, it is necessary to compare the mass or volume yield characteristics of different components (C1, C2-5, C1-5, C6+) to clarify the cracking degree of crude oil and heavy hydrocarbon gases. (3) The oil generation transformation rate curve of lacustrine source rocks in the oil generation window is steep, and the difference in geothermal fields significantly affects the calculation results of oil generation. The study of geothermal fields should be strengthened in petroleum resource evaluation. The gas generation kinetics parameters should be applied in geological terms in combination with the gas production rate data when calibrating the parameters, but overestimation of the actual gas generation volume occurs in the over-mature stage. (4) Using the oil saturation index (OSI)-depth profile to validate the oil generation kinetics parameters can significantly improve the prediction accuracy of the oil generation threshold and the reliability of the assessment of the free hydrocarbons (S1) content. (5) Different combinations of kinetics parameters of the same organic phase source rocks can predict the same reaction rate (i.e., false compensation effect) under the heating rate in the laboratory, but there will be significant deviations when extrapolated to geological conditions or in-situ conversion conditions of shale oil. It is necessary to strengthen the comparison and calibration with geological data and attempt to calibrate multiple sets of kinetics parameters with unfixed or fixed pre-exponential factors. From the perspective of oil and gas exploration applications, future efforts should focus on the research and exploration of the measurement of primary cracking components/crude oil cracking components (mass conversion rate) and the characterization of related kinetics parameters in the gold-tube system.
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图 1 2 ℃/Ma地质升温速率下中国陆上盆地不同干酪根类型湖相烃源岩的生烃转化率特征
图1c、1d、1e、1f和1g的原文（Yan et al.，2019；Yang et al.，2022）没有详细的氢指数数据，因为这些样品的总烃动力学参数主要表示生油过程，根据作者描述的干酪根类型，以700 mg/g（Ⅰ型）、500 mg/g（Ⅱ1型）、250 mg/g（Ⅱ2型）和100 mg/g（Ⅲ型），并参考Pepper and Corvi（1995a）给出的典型湖相源岩的氢指数与GOGI值关系，计算了这些样品在0.5%Ro时的生烃（油）量
Fig. 1. Transformation rate characteristics of lacustrine source rocks of different kerogen types in onshore basins of China at 2 ℃/Ma geological warming rate
图 2 2 ℃/Ma地质升温速率下中国陆上盆地倾油型煤源岩的生烃转化率特征
Fig. 2. Transformation rate characteristics of oil-prone coal source rocks in onshore basins of China at 2 ℃/Ma geological warming rate
图 3 渤海海域盆地湖相烃源岩生烃动力学参数特征
请注意样品2和样品3较高的生气活化能和较高的指前因子，见后文关于虚假补偿效应的讨论
Fig. 3. Kinetics parameters of hydrocarbon generation from lacustrine source rocks in offshore Bohai Bay basin
图 4 2 ℃/Ma地质升温速率下渤海海域盆地湖相烃源岩的生烃转化率特征
样品地球化学信息见表 3
Fig. 4. Transformation rate characteristics of lacustrine source rocks in the Bohai Bay basin at 2 ℃/Ma geological warming rate
图 5 2 ℃/Ma地质升温速率条件下中国湖相烃源岩金管体系生烃动力学参数构建的生烃速率-成熟度剖面
a. 中国陆上盆地金管体系湖相烃源岩生烃动力学参数构建的生烃速率剖面；b.渤海海域盆地金管体系湖相烃源岩生烃动力学参数构建的生烃速率剖面；c.开放体系生烃动力学数据构建的生烃速率剖面.图 1c~1g的原文（Yan et al.，2019；Yang et al.，2022）并没有详细的氢指数数据，根据作者描述的干酪根类型，以700 mg/g（Ⅰ型）、500 mg/g（Ⅱ1型）、250 mg/g（Ⅱ2型）和100 mg/g（Ⅲ型）构建了生烃速率剖面
Fig. 5. Hydrocarbon generation rate-maturity profile constructed by hydrocarbon generation kinetics parameters of lacustrine source rock in gold tube pyrolysis system in China under the condition of 2 ℃/Ma geological warming rate
图 6 渤海海域盆地辽西凹陷沙三段烃源岩的金管体系和Rocl-Eval生烃动力学累计产率/生烃速率曲线和生烃动力学参数
全部使用1×1014 s-1固定指前因子标定平行实验的活化能（见后文关于活化能数值比较的讨论）
Fig. 6. Cumulative yield curves, hydrocarbon generation rate curves and hydrocarbon generation kinetics parameters of gold tube and Rock-Eval of 3rd Member of Shahejie Formation in Liaoxi Sag, in the offshore Bohai Bay basin
图 7 Easy%RoV(2×1015 s-1)模型在实验室加热速率条件下计算的成熟度对比
Easy%RoV（2×1015 s-1）镜质体反射率动力学模型参数根据Burnham（2019）；计算方法参考Sweeney and Burnham（1990，见该文附件）.开放体系加热速率为：200 ℃恒温3 min，并分别以5 ℃/min、10 ℃/min和20 ℃/min开始连续加热；金管体系加热速率为：20°室温1 h加热至250 ℃，分别以20 ℃/h和2 ℃/h开始连续加热
Fig. 7. Comparison of computational maturity of Easy%RoV (2×1015 s-1) model under laboratory heating rate conditions
图 8 单指前因子(SFF)和多指前因子(MFF)模式标定的生油动力学参数及外推至地质升温速率的生油转化率特征
Fig. 8. The kinetic parameters of oil generation calculated by the single frequency factor (SFF) and multiple frequency factor (MFF) models and the characteristics of oil generation conversion rate extruded to the geological warming rate
图 9 渤海海域盆地辽西凹陷沙三段烃源岩样品的总离子流图、m/z85、m/z191和m/z217质量色谱图
Fig. 9. TIC, m/z85, m/z191 and m/z217 mass chromatograms of source rock samples from 3rd Member of Shahejie Formation in Liaoxi sag, offshore Bohai Bay basin
图 10 渤海海域盆地歧口凹陷沙三段湖相烃源岩金管体系的产率特征、生气动力学参数特征和地质升温速率下的转化率
为了对比使用质量产气率和体积产气率在标定动力学参数时的活化能差异，指前因子固定为1×1014 s-1，见后文关于活化能比较的讨论
Fig. 10. Yield characteristics, gas generation kinetics parameters and transformation rate at geological warming rate of lacustrine source rocks in a gold tube pyrolysis experiment of the 3rd Member of Shajiehe Formation in the Liaozhong depression in the offshore Bohai Bay basin
图 11 渤海海域盆地莱州湾凹陷沙三段和沙四段生油动力学参数在2 ℃/Ma地质升温速率下30 ℃/km和35 ℃/km地温梯度构建的生油转化率-深度剖面
Fig. 11. Oil generation transformation rate - depth profile of 3rd and 4th Members of Shahejie Formation in the Laizhouwan sag offshore Bohai Bay basin at 30 ℃/km and 35 ℃/km geothermal gradient with 2 ℃/Ma geological warming rate
图 12 2 ℃/Ma地质升温速率下金管体系湖相烃源岩生气动力学参数构建的转化率曲线和生气量曲线
Fig. 12. The transformation rate curve and gas production curve of lacustrine source rocks in the gold tube system constructed by the kinetic parameters of gas at a geological temperature rise rate of 2 ℃/Ma
图 13 渤海海域盆地钻遇沙三段油页岩井的埋藏史、温度、镜质体反射率和含油饱和度指数-深度剖面
由于湖相烃源岩在中-低熟阶段测定的镜质体反射率存在一定偏差，建议以温度作为主要标定数据
Fig. 13. Burial history, temperature, vitrinite reflectance and oil saturation index-depth profile of oil shale wells drilled in the 3rd Member of the Shahejie Fromation in the offshore Bohai Bay basin
图 14 生烃动力学参数中指前因子的累计概率分布(a)和概率分布直方图(b)
a. 1987—1989年由Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory发表的20个动力学参数中（Burnham et al.，1987，1989），A的累积概率分布为0.5时，A值接近1×1013 s-1，1990年之后由多个研究机构和石油公司发表的160个动力学参数中（Peters et al.，2016），A的累计概率分布为0.5时，A值处于1×1014~2×1014 s-1之间（Burnham，2017），并接近2×1014 s-1（Burnham，2021）. b.Waples and Nowaczewski（2013）汇总的1988—2013年发表的259个生烃动力学参数中，lgA平均值为14.4，A平均值接近2×1014 s-1
Fig. 14. Cumulative probability distribution (a) and probability distribution histogram (b) of the pre-exponential factor in the hydrocarbon generation kinetics parameters
图 15 实验室生油动力学参数和含油饱和度指数反演的生油动力学参数外推至地质升温速率
Fig. 15. The oil generation kinetics parameters derived from the laboratory kinetics parameters and oil saturation index are extrapolated to the geological warming rate
图 16 不固定和固定指前因子标定的渤海海域沙三段油页岩产油量曲线和实际产油量曲线拟合效果表现的指前因子-活化能虚假补偿效应
Fig. 16. False compensation effect of oil shale oil production curve and actual oil production curve of 3rd Member in Bohai Bay area calculated by 1×1011-1×1019 s-1 fixed frequency factor
图 17 渤海海域盆地沙三段油页岩生油动力学参数的指前因子-活化能虚假补偿效应
Fig. 17. False compensation effects of kinetics parameters of lacustrine oil shale generation in 3rd Member of Shahejie Formation of the offshore Bohai Bay basin
表 1 中国陆上盆地湖相烃源岩金管生烃动力学实验样品的地球化学特征
Table 1. Geochemical characteristics of experimental samples of hydrocarbon generation kinetics of lacustrine source rocks in onshore basin in China
盆地 凹陷/地区 井号 层位 类型 深度(m) Tmax(℃) TOC(%) Ro(%) S1(mg/g) S2(mg/g) HI(mg/g) ∑(C6+)(mg/g) 类型 引用 松辽盆地 大庆长恒 嫩江组 原岩热解 437 9.49 6.65 77.4 816 724.5 Ⅰ 何坤等(2014) 准噶尔盆地 吉木萨尔凹陷 J23 芦草沟组 干酪根热解 444 7.76 2 51.48 663 604 Ⅰ Xiang et al.(2016) 渤海湾盆地 东濮凹陷 W18-5 沙三段 干酪根热解 2 780.68 442 4.45 0.56 700 634.3 Ⅰ Yang et al.(2022) 渤海湾盆地 东濮凹陷 W146 沙四段 干酪根热解 2 838.9 440 2.31 0.52 700 634.3 Ⅰ Yan et al.(2019) 渤海湾盆地 东濮凹陷 Ch9 沙三段 干酪根热解 2 500.8 435 1.05 0.73 500 413 Ⅱ1 Yang et al. (2022) 渤海湾盆地 东濮凹陷 H88 沙三段 干酪根热解 1 456.8 433 0.83 0.45 250 223.8 Ⅱ2 Yang et al. (2022) 渤海湾盆地 东濮凹陷 X8 沙三段 干酪根热解 3 156.8 433 0.39 0.85 100 66.6 Ⅲ Yang et al. (2022) 注：Tmax为最高热解峰温；TOC为总有机碳含量；Ro为镜质体反射率；S1为游离烃含量；S2为热解烃含量；S1+S2为生烃潜量；HI为氢指数；∑（C6+）为最大生油量.东濮凹陷的样品没有详细的氢指数（ Yan et al.，2019 ；Yang et al.，2022 ），根据作者描述的干酪根类型，后文中假定氢指数700 mg/g（Ⅰ型）、500 mg/g（Ⅱ1型）、250 mg/g（Ⅱ2型）和100 mg/g（Ⅲ型）计算产油率，气油生成比例参考Pepper and Corvi（1995a）.
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表 2 中国陆上盆地倾油型煤源岩源岩金管生烃动力学实验样品的地球化学特征
Table 2. Geochemical characteristics of experimental samples of hydrocarbon generation kinetics of Oil-prone coal source rock in onshore basin in China
盆地 凹陷/地区 样品号 层位 类型 Tmax(℃) TOC(%) Ro(%) S1(mg/g) S2(mg/g) HI(mg/g) 类型 ∑(C6+)(mg/g) 引用文献 准噶尔盆地 四棵树凹陷 JC25 八道湾组 原岩热解 424 62.21 0.42 0.74 96 155 Ⅲ 126 曾立飞等(2021) 准噶尔盆地 阜康断裂带 JC41 西山窑组 原岩热解 439 69.61 0.67 1.79 108 156 Ⅲ 68.5 曾立飞等(2021) 塔里木盆地 库车凹陷 TTC1 塔里奇克组 原岩热解 433 75.28 0.73 4.2 208.1 276 Ⅲ 87.5 Huang et al.(2019) 塔里木盆地 库车凹陷 TTC4 塔里奇克组 原岩热解 447 77.25 0.74 4.8 172 223 Ⅲ 46.4 Huang et al. (2019) 塔里木盆地 库车凹陷 TTC11 塔里奇克组 原岩热解 437 70.54 0.58 4.2 196.4 278 Ⅲ 71.3 Huang et al. (2019) 塔里木盆地 库车凹陷 TTC18 塔里奇克组 原岩热解 458 79.27 0.74 9.6 200.4 253 Ⅲ 65.8 Huang et al. (2019) 注：曾立飞等（2021）和 Huang et al.（2019） 文中的样品采集自煤矿，均为未风化样品； Tmax为最高热解峰温；TOC为总有机碳含量；Ro为镜质体反射率；S1为游离烃含量；S2为热解烃含量；S1+S2为生烃潜量；HI为氢指数.
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表 3 渤海海域盆地湖相烃源岩金管生烃动力学实验样品的地球化学特征
Table 3. Geochemical characteristics of experimental samples of hydrocarbon generation kinetics of lacustrine source rocks in offshore Bohai Bay basin
编号 凹陷 井号 层位 类型 深度(m) Tmax(℃) TOC(%) Ro(%) S1(%) S2(mg/g) HI(mg/g) 类型 ∑(C6+)(mg/g) 1 沙南凹陷 CFD14-1S-1 东三段 原岩热解 2 780 442 3.07 0.52 3.17 21.3 693.8 Ⅰ 512.0 2 沙南凹陷 CFD15-3-1 沙一段 原岩热解 2 860 437 3.38 0.53 3.17 26.1 772.2 Ⅰ 572.4 3 沙南凹陷 CFD15-1-1 沙三段 原岩热解 2 760 442 2.83 0.56 2.85 17.76 627.6 Ⅰ 516.9 4 辽西凹陷 JZ20-5-2 沙三段 干酪根热解 2 760 440 2.31 0.44 1.17 10.76 465.8 Ⅱ1 391.8 5 秦南凹陷 QHD29-2E-1 沙一段 干酪根热解 3 140 435 3.49 0.55 1.66 22.81 653.6 Ⅰ 564.4 6 沙南凹陷 CFD15-6-1 东三段 干酪根热解 2 820 433 3.31 0.56 1.7 21.39 646.4 Ⅰ 545.9 7 沙南凹陷 CFD15-6-1 沙一段 干酪根热解 2 920 433 4.51 0.63 4.14 33.92 752.1 Ⅰ 654.6 8 沙南凹陷 CFD15-6-1 沙三段 干酪根热解 3 410 443 2.51 0.73 3.21 11.11 442.5 Ⅱ1 362.7 9 秦南凹陷 QHD28-2-2 沙三段 原岩热解 3 240 440 5.76 0.55 4.26 56.26 976.7 Ⅰ 880.7 10 秦南凹陷 QHD28-2-2 沙三段 原岩热解 3 260 441 5.12 0.57 3.52 49.62 969.1 Ⅰ 856.1 注：Tmax为最高热解峰温；TOC为总有机碳含量；Ro为镜质体反射率；S1为游离烃含量；S2为热解烃含量；S1+S2为生烃潜量；HI为氢指数；∑（C6+）为最大产油量.样品4和5为加热到600 ℃开展生烃动力学实验，其余样品为加热到440 ℃油窗下限（1.3% Ro）附近开展生烃动力学实验，全部样品在实验室条件下达到了生油高峰.因此所有样品将被用于讨论生油动力学参数标定问题，仅4和5号样品用于讨论生气动力学参数标定和生气资源量计算问题.
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表 4 不固定和1×1011~1×1019 s-1固定指前因子标定的渤海海域盆地沙三段油页岩生油动力学参数
Table 4. Kinetics parameters of oil shale generation in 3rd Member of the Shahejie Formation in offshore Bohai Bay basin calculated using unfixed and 1×1011-1×1019 s-1 fixed frequency factor
指前因子(s-1) 5.28×1014 1×1011 1×1012 1×1013 1×1014 1×1015 1×1016 1×1017 1×1018 1×1019 活化能(kcal·mol-1) 活化能占比(%) 38 0 39 0 40 0 0 41 21.41 0 42 0 0 0.44 43 57.77 6.42 0 44 20.82 19.01 0 45 0 0 0 1.42 46 0 64.62 12.76 0 47 1.75 9.94 16.57 0 1.49 48 0 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 68.8 15.99 0.73 50 0 1.43 19.38 0 1.49 51 19.29 0 0.45 0 0 52 14.1 0 62.75 27.58 2.25 1.8 53 0 0 0 0 0 54 64.86 0 23.46 2.69 0.48 55 0 0 46.73 26.68 1.71 2.08 56 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 29.99 10.93 2.19 1.97 58 0 36.89 20.1 0 0 59 0 0 0 0 60 0 37.75 19.5 3.81 61 0 27.23 13.09 0 62 0 0 0 63 0 44.22 26.83 64 0 18.91 0 65 0 15.38 66 0 35.55 67 0 16.42 68 0 69 0 70 0.04 加权平均(kcal/mol) 53.01 42.78 45.52 48.27 51.02 53.77 56.53 59.28 62.04 64.80
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