Forming Conditions and Failure Mechanism of Clustered High-Position Ancient Landslides in Linka Township, Basu County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
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摘要:
藏东南地处青藏高原东南缘，板块构造活跃、地形起伏剧烈，大型高位古滑坡密集分布.为进一步揭示藏东南大型高位古滑坡的孕灾机制，以八宿县林卡乡为研究区，通过高分辨率遥感影像解译，识别和厘定古滑坡边界，建立林卡乡古滑坡编目数据集；基于GIS空间分析和数据统计，查明林卡乡古滑坡群的空间分布特征与主控孕灾因子；通过现场调查、无人机航拍和地球物理勘探，揭示典型大型高位古滑坡的形成机制.结果表明，八宿县林卡乡境内共发育51处高位古滑坡，其中50处为大型滑坡，古滑坡聚集分布于深切河谷的谷坡之上.岩性和地形起伏度是控制该区域古滑坡分布的关键因素，砂板岩地层和起伏度介于1 000~1 600 m的陡峻地形对古滑坡的发育最有利.对林卡乡孜嘎村附近4处大型高位古滑坡的调查分析表明，其均为弯曲倾倒-拉裂滑移型破坏.由于林卡乡境内砂板岩地层普遍具有中-陡倾的薄-中厚层状结构，为典型的易倾倒岩体，且已探明古滑坡的主滑方向多与区域地层的优势倾向一致或相反，符合弯曲倾倒所致滑坡的典型运动特征，推测岩层长期的弯曲倾倒变形是造成林卡乡古滑坡群聚发育的重要因素，倾倒岩体的拉裂滑移是区域内古滑坡的主要破坏机制.
Abstract:Southeast Tibet, located at the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is characterized by active plate tectonics and intense topographic relief, making it a high-incidence area for large high-position landslides. To investigate the forming mechanisms of large high-position landslides in Southeast Tibet, ancient landslides in Linka Township, Basu County, were identified through remote sensing interpretation to establish a landslide inventory. GIS-based spatial analysis and statistical methods were then applied to characterize their spatial distribution and determine the dominant controlling factors. Finally, four representative high-position ancient landslides near Ziga Village were selected for field investigation to further examine their forming mechanisms. Remote sensing interpretation identifies 51 high-position ancient landslides, all located on deeply incised valley flanks, primarily concentrated along the slopes of the Nujiang and Waqu rivers. Statistical analysis reveals that lithology and topographic relief are the primary environmental controls on their distribution. Ancient landslides are most likely to develop in sandstone-slate strata and in areas with relief between 1 000 and 1 600 m. Field investigations of four typical ancient landslides near Ziga Village in Linka Township reveal that they all developed in fragmented rock masses induced by long-term flexural toppling. The widespread occurrence of moderately to steeply dipping, layered, weakly metamorphosed sandstone and slate—typical topple-prone rock masses—in the landslide areas of Linka Township, combined with the sliding directions of ancient landslides generally aligning with or opposing the dominant bedding orientation, suggests that toppling was likely a widespread pre-existing failure mechanism prior to the formation of these ancient landslides.
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图 1 研究区地质与地貌条件概况
a. 八宿县区域地质背景（修改自Wang et al.，2023；张培震等，2003）；b. 八宿县遥感影像（修改自二十一世纪空间技术应用股份有限公司，世纪空间卫星影像图（2024版）（GS（2024）1614号），
https://www.21at.com.cn ）；c. 八宿县典型地形剖面（基于ALOS 12.5 m数字高程模型）Fig. 1. Overview of geological and geomorphic conditions of the study area
图 2 典型古滑坡几何形态特征
遥感影像来源：二十一世纪空间技术应用股份有限公司，世纪空间卫星影像图（2024版）（GS（2024）1614号），
https://www.21at.com.cn Fig. 2. Morphological characteristics of typical ancient landslides
图 3 林卡乡古滑坡空间分布特征与几何特征统计
a. 古滑坡分布与Kernel密度统计图；b. 古滑坡数量-面积统计；c. 古滑坡面积-长度关系统计；d. 古滑坡面积-高度统计；e. 古滑坡面积-高长比H/L统计
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution and geometric characteristics statistics of ancient landslides in Linka Township
图 4 环境因子空间分布特征
a. 高程；b. 坡度；c. 坡向；d. 地形起伏度；e. 地表粗糙度TRI；f. 剖面曲率；g. 平面曲率；h. 地形位置指数TPI；i. 距断层距离；j. 岩性
Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of environmental factors
图 6 古滑坡分布主控条件因子统计
Fig. 6. Statistics on primary controlling factors of ancient landslide distribution
图 7 林卡乡孜嘎村及邻区地质地貌条件
修改自中国地质调查局，2019，全国1∶200 000数字地质图（公开版）空间数据库（V1），
http://dcc.ngac.org.cn/geologicalData/rest/geologicalData/geologicalDataDetail/7d7ac63df9805f39a92591d105b7b0f2 Fig. 7. Geological and geomorphic conditions of Ziga Village in Linka Township and adjacent areas
图 8 孜嘎村后山滑坡平剖面图与典型变形破坏特征
a. 平面图；b. 剖面图；c. 滑坡后壁特征；d. 滑坡堆积体前缘特征；e. 堆积体前缘岩性分界；f. 堆积体侧壁岩性分界；g. 滑坡右侧岩体弯曲倾倒特征；h. 滑坡右侧河谷河流阶地特征
Fig. 8. Plan view and longitudinal section of Ziga Village backhill landslide with typical failure characteristics
图 9 孜嘎村瓦曲河右岸滑坡平剖面图与典型变形破坏特征
a. 平面图；b. 剖面图；c. 滑坡后壁特征；d. 滑坡堆积体特征；e. 堆积体右侧岩体露头特征
Fig. 9. Plan view and longitudinal section of Ziga Village north-bank landslide with typical failure characteristics
图 10 孜嘎村西侧滑坡典型特征
a. 西侧1#滑坡全貌；b. 西侧1#滑坡滑源区遥感影像；c. 西侧1#滑坡堆积区沉积的紫红色砂岩块体；d. 西侧2#滑坡全貌；e. 西侧2#滑坡滑源区遥感影像；f. 西侧2#滑坡源区岩体露头特征
Fig. 10. Typical failure characteristics of landslides on the west side of Ziga Village
图 11 林卡乡古滑坡主滑方向与域内岩层倾向关系统计
a. 古滑坡主滑方向玫瑰花图；b. 古滑坡分布区岩层倾向玫瑰花图（数据来自中国地质调查局，2019，全国1∶200 000数字地质图（公开版）空间数据库（V1），
http://dcc.ngac.org.cn/geologicalData/rest/geologicalData/geologicalDataDetail/7d7ac63df9805f39a92591d105b7b0f2 ）Fig. 11. Relationship between main slip directions of ancient landslides and bedding dip directions in Linka Township
图 12 倾倒岩体的拉裂-滑移破坏过程物理模拟（修改自宁奕冰等，2021）
Fig. 12. Physical simulation of the toppling failure process
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