Research on Rock Avalanches in Tibetan Plateau: From Field Observations to Dynamic Mechanisms
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摘要: 青藏高原是地球圈层作用最活跃、内外动力耦合作用最强烈、全球气候变化最敏感、地质灾害活动最剧烈的地区，区内构造-气候-地质灾害协同演化过程显著，是国际上高速远程滑坡动力学机理研究的天然实验室.为探秘高速远程滑坡的超常运动特性，研究团队一直致力于青藏高原及其邻区高速远程滑坡工程地质调查和动力学机理研究.基于前期研究成果，阐明了高速远程滑坡的术语由来及其基本特征，重点概述了研究团队在高速远程滑坡动力学研究领域的新发现、新认识、新观点，亦即：揭示高速远程滑坡体积效应呈现本质；提出高速远程滑坡是破碎流的新观点；提出自激振动悬浮减阻新机理；提出高速远程滑坡停积就位新模式等，这些成果体现了从野外地质现象到科学理论建立的滑坡动力学研究范式.最后，对未来青藏高原高速远程滑坡研究进行了深入思考和展望，以期为推动活跃造山带高速远程滑坡动力学机理研究和制定风险防控策略提供参考.Abstract: The Tibetan Plateau is the area with the most active interlayer interactions, the strongest coupling effect of internal and external forces, the most sensitive to global climate change, and the most intense geological hazard activity, which is characterized by significant synergism of tectonic-climatic-geohazards and globally recognized as a natural laboratory for studying rock avalanche dynamics. To explore the extremely high mobility of rock avalanches, our team has been dedicated to the geological investigation and dynamic analysis of rock avalanches in the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas for many years. Based on the previous study, it first elucidates the terminological origin and the main characteristics of rock avalanches. Subsequently, the new discoveries, understandings and perspectives reached by the team based on more than two decades of systematic research on rock avalanches across the Tibetan Plateau is introduced, i.e., revealing the essence of rock avalanche volume effect, proposing the new viewpoints that rock avalanche should be a cataclastic flow, proposing the self-excited vibration effect, and building the emplacement models of rock avalanches under varying conditions. The finding and proposition of these achievements systematically exhibit the research paradigm from field geological observations to theoretical framework establishment for rock avalanche dynamics. Finally, it summarizes critical insights for rock avalanche study based on previous work, hoping to provide scientific references for advancing rock avalanche research and formulating corresponding risk mitigation strategies.
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Key words:
- Tibetan Plateau /
- rock avalanche /
- dynamics /
- review /
- engineering geology
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图 3 青藏高原及其邻区重大滑坡空间分布
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of mega-rockslide, rock avalanches, and rock-ice avalanche in Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions
图 4 青藏高原及其邻区典型高速远程滑坡
a.乱石包滑坡（Wang et al.，2018b）；b.尼续村滑坡（Wang et al.，2019a）；c.塔合曼滑坡（Wang et al.，2020）；d.阿拉苏滑坡（Lin et al.，2024）；e.依买克滑坡（Shi et al.，2023）
Fig. 4. Typical rock avalanches in Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions
图 6 依买克滑坡多层次、多尺度、多样化的剪切带(Shi et al., 2024a)
a~b.滑坡体多层剪切带及其剪切剖面示意图；c~i.滑坡内部差异性剪切及局部网结状剪切带和剪切透镜体
Fig. 6. The multistoried, multiscale, and multistyle shear structures within the Iymek rock avalanche deposit
图 7 高速远程滑坡剪切破碎相的时空演化特征(Shi et al., 2024a)
a.剪切组构细微观演化特征；b.滑坡整体宏观相态演化
Fig. 7. The evolution processes of shear-induced fragmentation during rock avalanche
图 8 高速远程滑坡“自激振动悬浮减阻机理”理论模型研究
Fig. 8. Conceptual model for the self-exited vibration effect of rock avalanches
图 9 高速远程滑坡自激振动悬浮减阻机理实验研究
Fig. 9. Experimental study on the self-excited vibration effect of rock avalanches
图 10 不同下伏层控制下平面撒开型高速远程滑坡停积就位模型
a.软弱下伏层高速远程滑坡平面特征；b.坚硬下伏层高速远程滑坡平面特征；c.软弱下伏层高速远程滑坡剖面特征；d.坚硬下伏层高速远程滑坡剖面特征
Fig. 10. Emplacement models of unconfined rock avalanches under the control of varying substrate conditions
表 1 主要高速远程滑坡动力学机理（王玉峰等, 2021）
Table 1. The main dynamic mechanism of high-speed long-distance landslides (modified by Wang et al., 2021)
运动学
机理分类主要理论 主要内容 提出者及文献来源 摩擦生热
减阻机理热熔融减阻效应
热孔压减阻效应
热分解减阻效应滑坡运动过程中基底层强烈摩擦生热会引起液态水膨胀或汽化以及矿物的热分解，产生超孔隙水压力或气压力，抵消部分上覆荷载，实现减阻；或者摩擦产生高温熔融润滑减阻 Erismann(1979); Habib(1975); Wang et al.(2017); Mitchell et al.(2015); Hu et al.(2018) 滑带液化
减阻机理不排水荷载效应
滑动液化观点滑坡运动过程中由于剪切或者振动，使得滑面孔隙水压力升高，有效应力降低，滑坡滑动阻力减小 Hutchinson and Bhandari(1971); Seed(1968); Sassa(1988) 动力破碎
减阻机理块体破碎扩离效应
动力破碎效应
颗粒力链破碎模型在滑体的高速运动过程中，滑体内部会产生强烈的碎屑化，产生弥散应力，抵消部分上覆荷载，实现减阻 Davies et al.(1999); Davies and McSaveney(2009); De Blasio(2014) 底部裹挟
减阻机理裹挟减阻效应 滑体高速运动过程中会对沿途软弱下伏层产生铲刮与裹挟作用，降低滑体底面摩阻力，促进滑体的运动 Iverson et al.(2011); Iverson(2012) 剪切振动
减阻机理声波流态化
底部高剪切导致流态化
基底压力波导致流态化
自激振动能高速运动滑体会与下伏层之间产生强烈的碰撞与剪切作用，引起滑体机械能向振动能转化，在滑体底部产生明显的振动波，使颗粒发生稀疏化，产生悬浮减阻效应，促进滑体的运动 Melosh(1979); Davies(1982); Foda(1994);
Kobayashi(1994); Wang et al.(2015)动量传递
远程机理动量传递效应
块体运动模型滑体前后不同碎屑块体之间的频繁碰撞所导致的动量传递过程，可使得滑体前部碎屑运动的更远 Heim(1932); Eisbacher(1979);
成都地质学院工程地质研究室(1989);
Miao et al.(2001)
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