Development Characteristics and Main Controlling Factors of Oil and Gas Reservoirs in Ultra Deep Mesozoic Volcanic Reservoirs in Bohai Sea: Taking Bozhong A Structure as an Example
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摘要: 渤海海域广泛发育中生界火山岩，但如何寻找规模型火山岩油气藏，一直以来是渤海深层潜山油气勘探的热点和难点.为了明确规模成藏的主控因素，以渤海海域新近获得重大勘探突破的渤中A构造中生界火山岩为研究靶区，利用钻测井资料、壁心及薄片观察、岩石地球化学等分析测试资料，结合三维地震，分析了中生界火山岩岩性岩相、火山机构类型、储集空间特征及油气成藏主控因素.研究表明，渤中A构造自下而上发育基性、中性和酸性3个火山岩旋回，其中晚期旋回由多个大中型酸性熔岩火山机构叠置构成，主要发育溢流相气孔流纹岩和块状流纹岩以及火山通道相的流纹质隐爆角砾岩等3大类岩性，具备发育优质火山岩储层的岩性岩相基础；火山岩原生孔隙占比较低，强构造活动和多类流体溶蚀等后期次生改造作用控制发育大量构造裂缝及溶蚀孔缝，储层垂向分为表层风化溶蚀带和内幕裂缝溶蚀带双层储层结构，整体为高孔渗的规模性优质缝溶体；高孔渗酸性火山岩缝溶体、古隆起背斜圈闭、紧邻渤中富烃洼陷、上覆厚层超压泥岩与晚期弱构造活动等有利要素是渤中A构造规模性油气成藏的关键条件.在以上研究的基础上，综合建立了研究区超深层规模型中生界火山岩油气成藏模式，可为渤海海域及其他相似地区火山岩油气勘探提供指导.Abstract: Mesozoic volcanic rocks are widely developed in the Bohai Bay basin. However, the exploration of large-scale volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs has remained a persistent challenge in deep buried-hill plays in the Bohai area. To investigate the primary controls on substantial hydrocarbon accumulation, this study focuses on the Bohai A Mesozoic volcanic rocks, which have recently achieved significant exploration breakthroughs in the Bohai Sea area, as the research target area. drilling and logging data, sidewall core and thin-section observations, petrochemical analyses combined with 3D seismic, it characterizes the lithology-facies associations, volcanic edifice types, reservoir space characteristics, and key factors governing hydrocarbon accumulation. Research has shown that the BZ-A structure develops three volcanic rock cycles from base to top: basic, intermediate, and acidic. The late stage acidic volcanic rock cycle is composed of multiple large and medium-sized acidic lava volcanic structures stacked together, and is a thick and stable distribution of rhyolite. It mainly develops three types of rock types: effusive facies including vesicular and massive rhyolites, and volcanic conduit facies represented by rhyolitic cryptoexplosive breccia, which have the lithological and lithological basis for developing high-quality volcanic rock reservoirs. Although primary porosity is limited, extensive secondary modification-driven by intense tectonic activity and multi-phase fluid dissolution—has developed abundant structural fractures and dissolution pores/fissures.. The reservoir is vertically divided into a surface weathering dissolution zone and an inner crack dissolution zone with a double-layer reservoir structure, and the overall structure is a large-scale high-quality fracture solution with high porosity and permeability. The favorable factors for oil and gas accumulation in BZ-A include high porosity and permeability acidic volcanic rock fracture solution bodies, ancient uplifted anticline traps, proximity to the Bozhong hydrocarbon rich depression, overlying thick layer overpressure mudstone, and late stage weak tectonic activity. Based on these findings, a comprehensive hydrocarbon accumulation model for ultra deep, large-scale Mesozoic volcanic reservoirs is established, which offers valuable insights for volcanic hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay basin and analogous settings worldwide.
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图 1 渤海湾盆地海域中生界构造纲要和潜山地层综合柱状图
a.渤海湾盆地海域油区构造纲要和中生界火山岩圈闭分布；b.渤中凹陷基底潜山地层综合柱状图
Fig. 1. Structural outline and comprehensive columnar diagram of buried hill strata in the Bohai Bay basin
图 2 渤中A构造平面和剖面结构特征
a.渤中A构造火山岩顶面构造图；b.渤中A构造近十字垂直地震剖面
Fig. 2. Structural characteristics of the cross seismic profile of the Bozhong A structure
图 3 渤中A构造BZA-1井和BZA-2井综合柱状图
Fig. 3. Bozhong A structure composite columnar section map of Well BZA-1 and Well BZA-2
图 4 渤中A构造火山岩岩性特征
a.BZA-2井，5 076.10 m，气孔流纹岩，壁心白光照片；b.BZA-2井，5 088.50 m，块状流纹岩，壁心白光照片；c. BZA-1井，4 982.90 m，隐爆角砾岩，壁心白光照片；d. BZA-1井，5 215.7m，断层角砾岩，壁心白光照片；e.BZA-1井，4 936.50 m，流纹质凝灰岩，壁心白光照片；f. BZA-1井，5 005.7m，火山角砾岩，壁心白光照片；g.BZA-2井，4 855.2 m，流纹岩，薄片照片，正交，斑状结构；h.BZA-1井，4 941.0 m，流纹岩，薄片照片，正交，球粒结构；i. BZA-1井，4 982.90 m，流纹岩，薄片照片，正交，流动结构；j.BZA-1井，5 088.50 m，流纹岩，壁心白光照片；k. BZA-1井，4 855.2m，块状流纹岩，薄片照片，正交，霏细结构；l. BZA-2井，4 936.50 m，流纹岩，薄片照片，正交，斑状结构
Fig. 4. Lithological characteristics of volcanic rocks in Bozhong A structure
图 5 渤中A构造火山岩常量元素TAS图
Fig. 5. TAS diagram of constant elements in volcanic rocks of Bozhong A structure
图 6 渤中A构造火山机构地震地质特征
a.渤中A火山机构地震相特征；b.渤中A火山机构岩性岩相模式图
Fig. 6. Seismic geological characteristics of the Bozhong A volcanic structure
图 7 渤中A大型火山构造火山机构展布构成
a.渤中A大型构造火山机构分布剖面图；b.渤中A大型构造火山机构分布平面图
Fig. 7. Volcanic edifices of Bozhong A represent a significant large-scale volcanic structure
图 8 渤中A构造火山岩储层储集空间类型及特征
a.原生气孔，BZA-1井，4 941 m气孔流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；b. 残余气孔，BZA-2，4 962 m气孔流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；c.粒间孔，BZA-1井，4 938.5 m块状流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；d.角砾间残余孔，BZA-1井，5 005.7 m块状流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；e. 隐爆缝，BZA-1井，5 010.20 m隐爆角砾岩壁心白光照片；f.溶蚀缝，BZA-1井，4 936.5 m块状流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；g.杏仁体溶孔，BZA-2井，4 884.40 m隐爆角砾岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；h.长石溶孔，BZA-2井，4 866.3 m，隐爆角砾岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；i.基质间的隐晶质溶蚀微孔，BZA-1井，4 955.00 m块状流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；j.隐爆岩汁溶蚀孔，BZA-1井，5 001.1 m隐爆角砾岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；k.脱玻化孔，BZA-1井，4 955 m块状流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；l.铸模孔，BZA-2井，4 815.20 m断层角砾岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；m.石英斑晶溶蚀港湾状，BZA-2，5 081.9 m块状流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；n.溶蚀缝，BZA-1井，4 960.0 m块状流纹岩铸体薄片照片，单偏光；o.溶蚀构造缝，BZA-2井，5 103.0 m块状流纹岩壁心白光照片
Fig. 8. Reservoir space types and characteristics of volcanic reservoir in Bozhong A structure
图 9 渤中A构造火山岩储层垂向分带模式
Fig. 9. Reservoir space types and characteristics of volcanic reservoir in Bozhong A structure
图 10 渤中A构造中生界内幕断裂控制火山机构发育展布特征
a. 内幕断裂与火山机构厚度平面叠合展布图; b. 典型火山机构及火山通道地震剖面
Fig. 10. Reservoir space types and characteristics of volcanic reservoir in Bozhong A structure
图 11 渤中A构造多类型酸性流体证据
a.BZA-1井4 988.9 m电子探针，图中测量点均为黄铁矿；b.BZA-1井5 149.8 m镜下薄片，正交，充填黄铁矿；c.BZA-2井4 900.1 m镜下薄片，单片，充填方解石；d.火山岩中CO2含量与δ13C$ {}_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}} $的CO2成因鉴别
Fig. 11. Evidence of multiple types of acidic fluids in the Bozhong A structure
图 12 渤中A构造中生界火山岩高孔渗规模性缝溶体发育模式图
Fig. 12. Reservoir space types and characteristics of volcanic reservoir in Bozhong A structure
图 13 渤中A中生界火山岩建造构造演化过程(剖面位置见图 1)
Fig. 13. Tectonic evolution process of volcanic rocks in Bozhong A structure
图 14 渤中A构造及围区洼陷烃源岩厚度图及其镜质体反射率
a.渤中A构造东三段泥岩厚度分布图；b.渤中A构造沙三段泥岩厚度分布图；c.渤中A构造东三段镜质体反射率平面展布图；d.渤中A构造沙三段镜质体反射率平面展布图
Fig. 14. Identification of organic matter abundance in Bozhong A structure and surrounding depression
图 15 渤中A构造储层烃类包裹体特征、伴生盐水包裹体均一温度直方图和油气充注时间
a，b. BZA-1井，4 993.7 m，中生界，烃类包裹体，透射光下呈灰褐色，紫外光下呈蓝白色，呈团块状捕获于石英脉体中，其中a为单偏光，b为荧光；c.BZA构造储层烃类包裹体伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度直方图；d. BZA-1井埋藏史、热史及油气充注时间
Fig. 15. Characteristics and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions and the charging time of the Bozhong A buried hill oilfield reservoir
图 16 渤中A中生界火山岩规模性油气成藏模式
Fig. 16. Scale based reservoir formation model of Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Bozhong A structure
表 1 环渤中凹陷火山岩钻探概况
Table 1. Overview of volcanic rock drilling in Bozhong sag
构造带 井 岩性组合 物性 含油性 渤中凹陷西部 BZA⁃2井 流纹岩425 m 平均孔隙度9.2%
平均渗透率0.3 mD气层253.4 m
油层119.7 m渤中凹陷东斜坡 c井 流纹岩226 m
粗安岩151 m
凝灰岩91 m
角砾岩：52 m平均孔隙度9.5%
平均渗透率0.4 mD气层66 m
油层10 m
水层51 m渤中凹陷北部 d井 流纹岩118 m 平均孔隙度10.9%
平均渗透率10.2 mD油层86 m 渤中凹陷北部 e井 粗安岩161 m
角砾岩82 m
凝灰岩173 m
玄武岩110 m平均孔隙度18.7%
平均渗透率70.9 mD油层52 m 渤中凹陷南斜坡 f井 流纹岩403 m
凝灰岩6 m平均孔隙度4.8%
平均渗透率0.1 mD气层39.8 m
水层135.1 m
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